可可西里地区BDQ钻孔岩心粒度特征、TOC及其古气候环境意义

BDQ0608钻孔位于可可西里地区东缘,受人类活动影响较小,较为完整的记录了湖泊的自然演化过程,文章通过对岩心粒度、古地磁及总有机碳含量的详细计算与分析,重建了过去875.8Ka以来的古气候及古环境演化过程。BDQ0608钻孔岩心的黏土含量主要分布在15-60%之间,粉砂含量主要分布在30-70%之间,砂含量主要分布在0-20%之间。粒度参数采用矩值法计算求得,标准偏差为0.87-2.69,偏度为-1.2-4.4,峰度为0.92-16.43。粒度频率分布曲线存在1、4-10、30-80μm以及200μm左右的众数粒径。其中以4-10以及30-80μm的众数粒径为主体的沉积物,分别指示了深水湖心相和半深水(或较浅水)过渡相两种沉积环境,200μm左右的众数粒径为主体的沉积物则指示了极浅水的滨湖相沉积环境。结合TOC指标对沉积物沉积特征进行分析,我们认为该区域经历了四次较大的气候环境变化过程:875.8kaBP-608.7kaBP,湖泊水位高低变化较大,TOC变化明显,表现为暖湿与冷干交替的气候变化特征;608.7kaBP-366.5kaBP,湖泊长时间处于较为稳定的沉积环境,TOC逐渐降低,表现为由暖湿向冷湿转...     

可可西里地区BDQ钻孔岩心粒度特征、TOC及其古气候环境意义

BDQ0608钻孔位于可可西里地区东缘,受人类活动影响较小,较为完整的记录了湖泊的自然演化过程,文章通过对岩心粒度、古地磁及总有机碳含量的详细计算与分析,重建了过去8758Ka以来的古气候及古环境演化过程。BDQ0608钻孔岩心的黏土含量主要分布在15—60％之间,粉砂含量主要分布在30-70％之间,砂含量主要分布在0—20％之间。粒度参数采用矩值法计算求得,标准偏差为0．87—2．69,偏度为-1．2-4．4,峰度为0．92—16．43。粒度频率分布曲线存在1、4-10、30—80μm以及200μm左右的众数粒径。其中以4-10以及30-80μm的众数粒径为主体的沉积物,分别指示了深水湖心相和半深水（或较浅水）过渡相两种沉积环境,200μm左右的众数粒径为主体的沉积物则指示了极浅水的滨湖相沉积环境。结合TOC指标对沉积物沉积特征进行分析,我们认为该区域经历了四次较大的气候环境变化过程：875．8kaBP-608．7kaBP,湖泊水位高低变化较大,TOC变化明显．表现为暖湿与冷干交替的气候变化特征;608．7kaBP-366．5kaBP,湖泊长时间处于较为稳定的沉积环境,TOC逐渐降低,表现为由暖湿向冷湿转变的气候变化特征;366．5kaBP-29．2kaBP,表现为暖湿与冷干相交替的变化的气候特征;29．2kaBP-0kaBP,湖泊水位极低,表现为极其干冷的气候变化特征．     

陕西红碱淖湖底表层沉积物粒度特征

根据不同沉积环境的代表性和空间分布的均匀性原则,对陕西北部红碱淖湖泊表层沉积物进行了较为系统的采样和粒度分析。粒度分析结果显示,红碱淖湖泊表层底泥主要由三种沉积类型组成：湖心稳定的湖泊沉积、受入湖河流影响的河口及三角洲沉积、相对稳定的近岸沉积。粒度分布的多组分特征不仅指示了沉积物来源差异,还指示了其环境和沉积动力。平均粒径的空间分布特征可以指示湖泊底流的流向及动力特征。发现西部湖盆目前仍受入湖径流的影响,而东部湖盆则受入湖径流影响相对较弱。粒度揭示的湖泊底流特征,可以作为研究入湖污染物及其扩散规律的依据之一。     

风浪对湖泊沉积物再悬浮的影响及工程抑制研究

风浪引起沉积物再悬浮会直接影响水体光照条件,促进沉积物中污染物的释放,对湖泊生态系统的构建产生着重要影响。采用已发表数据验证了风浪要素和风浪切应力经验计算公式在浅水湖泊中的适应性,并从浅水湖泊风浪扰动机理出发,提出了临界起动应力简化计算方法和适用条件并加以验证。最后,基于简化模型和风致再悬浮影响评估方法研究了风浪对金湖水生态修复的影响,结合生态围隔、综合底质改良剂和复合微生物菌剂等综合措施,恢复金湖沉水植物150万m²。研究结果可用于评估风浪对浅水湖泊沉积物再悬浮的影响,为浅水湖泊水生态修复、内源污染治理工程设计提供理论参考。     

连环湖区域小东湖表层沉积物营养盐变化特征与污染评价研究

于2010年8月赴连环湖小东湖采集表层沉积物样品.在对小东湖表层沉积物总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)及磷形态、有机质(OM)、粒度指标测试分析的基础上,探讨小东湖表层沉积物营养元素变化特征及影响因素,并采用有机指数与有机氮指标对小东湖表层沉积物的污染状况进行评价.研究结果表明,TP平均含量为535.75 mg/kg,接近于富营养化严重的太湖和巢湖,小东湖表层沉积物Ca-P、IP、TP受<4 μm、4~16 μm、>64 μm粒级含量影响较大,Fe/Al-P和OP受粒度影响较弱.小东湖有机指数为Ⅱ等级,属于较清洁范畴,有机氮指标达到Ⅳ等级,为有机氮污染.     

长江中下游浅水湖泊沉积物中磷的形态及其与水相磷的关系

研究了长江中下游22个不同生态类型的浅水湖泊表层沉积物中磷的地球化学形态及水相磷含量等水质特征.对沉积物中磷形态的连续提取分析发现,自然粒度下,绝大部分湖泊的沉积物中90%以上的磷是以生物较难利用的形态存在的,活性磷所占比例很小.而在严重污染的城市湖泊中,活性磷含量则可以占到总磷的35%以上.沉积物中活性磷含量的高低与总磷含量并不一致.水草的存在对水相磷含量及沉积物中磷的活性都有显著的影响.水相磷的含量与沉积物中交换态磷的含量、沉积物铁磷比有显著的相关关系.研究表明,沉积物地球化学性质、水体营养盐含量及浅水湖泊生态类型之间存在复杂而密切的联系.     

大冶湖及周边港渠水-沉积物重金属污染评价分析

该文以大冶湖流域中典型城市湖泊大冶湖、三里七湖和尹家湖及周边港渠为研究对象,共布设44个采样点位,分别采集水、表层沉积物样品和湖泊沉积柱样品,分析测试Cu、Zn、Se、As、Hg、Cd、Cr、Pb、Fe、Mn、Mo、Co、Be、Sb、Ni、Ba、V、Ti和Tl等含量水平,采用Pearson相关性分析法和因子分析法对湖泊及周边港渠水和表层沉积物中重金属污染特征,沉积柱中重金属空间分布特征进行分析,结合单因子评价、地累积污染指数和潜在生态危害风险指数评价湖泊及周边港渠水环境质量状况,沉积物中重金属累积污染程度和潜在生态危害风险。结果表明：湖泊及周边港渠中重金属浓度介于0.01～2 960μg/L,湖泊及周边港渠水环境中部分点位Cd、Pb和Se浓度劣于地表水Ⅳ类（含Ⅳ类）水质标准,Fe、Mn、Tl浓度超出标准限值;表层沉积物重金属含量介于0.01～4 432 mg/kg,较沉积物背景参考值均有不同程度的富集,沉积柱中重金属空间分布特征以中层富集型为主,峰值集中出现在深度12～18 cm层;湖泊及周边港渠表层沉积物中重金属地累积污染指数介于-2.5～3.4,Cu、Zn、Se、As、Hg、Cd等...     

太湖湖滨湿地沉积物营养元素分布特征及其环境意义

针对当前修复湖滨湿地去除氮磷营养盐长期效果的不确定性,以东太湖自然湖滨湿地与东部滨岸区、竺山湾修复湖滨湿地为代表,采用放射性核素210Pb计年法测定湖滨湿地沉积物的年代,据此计算出沉积速率,并结合沉积物柱中粒度组成与碳氮磷的含量变化,推算出自然湖滨湿地沉积物中碳氮磷的平均蓄积量.结果表明:太湖自然湖滨湿地与修复湖滨湿地沉积物的颗粒组成均以粉砂粒为主.东太湖自然湖滨湿地沉积物的平均沉积速率为:芦苇群落,0.74cm/a;茭草群落,0.69cm/a;香蒲群落,1.24cm/a;牛鞭草群落,1.27cm/a;荷群落,0.81cm/a.近40a来,东太湖自然湖滨湿地单位面积(cm2)沉积物中碳氮磷的蓄积量平均为:总有机碳1408.0mg,总氮138.2mg,总磷14.31mg.对于修复湖滨湿地而言,随着植物群落的发育演替,营养元素在修复湖滨湿地系统内可以不断累积,其沉积物库的蓄积量潜力很大,在控制外源污染输入的前提下,湖滨湿地具有净化水质的长期环境效应.     

雅江河谷佛掌沙丘表层沉积物粒度特征

造山带河流的河谷深切,滑坡堰塞湖及其溃决洪水频发,洪水滞流沉积物经风力改造,在两岸形成大面积沙丘（以白格堰塞湖溃决洪水为例）。对雅鲁藏布江沿岸沙丘表层沉积物粒度特征的研究,可以为鉴别河谷中的古洪水沉积与风成沉积提供一定的参考意义,并为该区域防风治沙工程提供理论支持。选取雅鲁藏布江中下游河漫滩的爬坡沙丘——佛掌沙丘为研究对象,分析其与其上四个叠置的新月形沙丘表层沉积物的粒度特征和分异规律,揭示其沉积环境。粒度分析结果表明：佛掌沙丘表层沉积物以中砂为优势粒径,分选较差,极正偏,尖窄峰态。叠置新月形沙丘的粒度分布模式为坡顶粒径最粗,分选最好;就整个佛掌沙丘而言,随高度上升,沉积物的粒径变细,分选变好,这是风力分选与重力分异共同作用的结果。利用萨胡判别式判定该沙丘沉积环境为河流沉积,但将粒度数据与其他区域的河岸沙丘粒度特征进行对比发现该沙丘为典型的风成沙丘,可能是由于该区域物源较近,且受地形阻挡风力分选作用不明显,导致萨胡判别式无法很好地区分风力沉积与河流沉积。根据与河漫滩沙样的粒度特征对比发现,佛掌沙丘主要由河流中携带的物质提供沙源。     

滇池湖滨带沉积物磷的空间分布

采集了滇池湖滨带的表层和柱状沉积物,研究分析了湖滨带沉积物中总磷、钙磷和铁铝结合态磷的空间分布和垂向分布特征。结果表明,滇池湖滨带表层沉积物总磷含量高,个别点位高达10604.64mg/kg,总磷含量均值为2452mg/kg,沉积物受磷污染严重;不同区域沉积物磷的含量差别较大;表层和柱状沉积物中的钙磷含量都高于铁铝结合态磷,这是滇池湖滨带不同于其他湖泊的地方;柱状沉积物各种磷形态含量在垂向分布上的波动较大,但钙磷和铁铝结合态磷含量水平与总磷具有一致性;13个采样点有12个点的沉积物铁铝结合态磷含量都低于钙磷,两者比值<0.5,钙磷是总磷的主要组成部分,应该考虑环境酸化引起的磷释放风险。     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.     

Simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate by zeolite synthesized from coal fly ash as influenced by acid treatment

Zeolite synthesized from fly ash （ZFA） without modification is not efficient for the purification of NH4＋ and phosphate at low concentrations that occur in real effluents, despite the high potential removal capacity. To develop an effective technique to enhance the removal efficiency of ammonium and phosphate at low concentrations, ZFA was modified with acid treatment and the simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate in a wide range of concentration was investigated. It was seen that when compared with untreated ZFA, only the treatment by 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4 significantly improved the removal efficiency of ammonium at low initial concentrations. The behavior was well explained by the pH effect. Treatment by more concentrated H2SO4 led to the deterioration of the ZFA structure and a decrease in the cation exchange capacity. Treatment by 0.01 mol/L H2SO4 improved the removal efficiency of phosphate by ZFA at all initial P concentrations, while the treatment by concentrated H2SO4 （≥0.9 mol/L） resulted in a limited maximum phosphate immobilization capacity （PIC）. It was concluded that through a previous mild acid treatment （e.g. 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4）, ZFA can be used in the simultaneous removal of NH4＋ and P at low concentrations simulating real effluent.