沉水植物生长期对沉积物和上覆水之间磷迁移的影响

分别在春季培养黑藻(Hydrilla verticillata)和苦草(Vallisneria natans),在冬季培养菹草(Potamogeton crispus),跟踪监测在沉水植物影响下环境因子的变化,及上覆水和沉积物各形态磷的浓度变化,以探讨沉水植物对磷在沉积物和上覆水中迁移转化的规律.结果表明,不同季节实验条件下沉水植物均能不同程度降低上覆水中各形态磷的浓度.在植物生长期上覆水磷浓度保持在相对较低的水平,黑藻、苦草和菹草组上覆水中总磷(TP)的浓度分别保持在0.03～0.05、0.04～0.12和0.02～0.11 mg.L-1.沉水植物组沉积物中各形态磷的浓度均呈现不同程度的降低,黑藻、苦草和菹草组沉积物TP的含量最大降低幅度分别为35.34、60.67和25.92 mg.kg-1.植物组上覆水溶解氧(DO)、氧化还原电位(Eh)和pH均显著提高(DO 10.0～14.0mg.L-1;Eh 185～240 mV;pH 8.0～11.0),沉积物中Eh(-140～-23 mV)也明显提高,并使得沉积中pH保持在中性范围内(7.2～8.0).沉水植物通过提高上覆水中的DO、Eh和pH及沉积物Eh的方式影响上覆水和沉积物之间磷的迁移转化.     

几种物质磷形态的生物有效性模拟研究

研究了无磷ＨＢ－４培养液中添加７种物质磷形态磷酸二氢钾,焦磷酸钠,六偏磷酸钠,磷酸肌酸钠,三磷腺酸苷（ＡＴＰ）,β－甘油磷酸钠和５‘－腺嘌呤核苷磷酸（ＡＭＰ）４个浓度系列时羊角月芽藻的生长情况,获得了各物质磷形态下藻的最大生长量与生长速率。结果表明：ＡＴＰ与六偏磷酸钠具有独特的生物效应,同时获得羊角月芽藻的生长与７种磷形态的相关方程,进行了太湖湖水中各物质磷形态的添加试验,发现ＡＴＰ及焦磷酸钠对藻     

不同磷源及浓度对利玛原甲藻生长和产毒的影响研究

探讨了不同磷源条件下利玛原甲藻的生长情况,分析了碱性磷酸酶在营养盐利用方面的作用,对不同营养盐条件下腹泻性贝毒(diarrhetic shellfish poison,DSP)的合成情况进行了比较和分析.结果显示,以NaH2 PO4、β-甘油磷酸钠和ATP分别作为唯一磷源时,NaH2PO4组和ATP组最大生长速率(βms)差异不大,β-甘油磷酸钠组稍低;ATP组最大生物量(X)明显高于NaH2PO4组和β-甘油磷酸钠组.实验浓度范围内,β-甘油磷酸钠组碱性磷酸酶活性均比较低,而ATP组活性较高.NaH2PO4组因其浓度的变化而有较大的差异.浓度>2μmol/L时,活性比较低,<2 μmol/L时,活性明显增高.μ-甘油磷酸钠组大田软海绵酸(okadaic acid,OA)总含量和单位藻细胞OA含量最高,NaH2O4组次之,ATP组最低.这些结果表明,利玛原甲藻町吸收利用无机磷NaH2PO4和有机磷β-甘油磷酸钠及ATP.其中,NaH2PO4和ATP的营养价值基本等效,而β-甘油磷酸钠的营养价值较低.ATP较NaH2PO4和β-甘油磷酸钠更有利于维持利玛原甲藻的生长.利玛原甲藻可以直接利用β-甘油磷酸钠;而ATP则需要碱性磷酸酶水解后才能利用.利玛原甲藻毒素的合成与营养盐的形态有关,不同营养盐条件下DSP的合成不同.β-甘油磷酸钠为磷源时,DSP合成量最多.磷盐对DSP合成的影响与该磷盐条件下利玛原甲藻的生理状态有关.     

上覆水中磷质量浓度对磷在青萍-上覆水-沉积物中分配的影响

通过模拟培养实验,研究了上覆水中ρ(磷)对磷在青萍处理系统中的青萍-上覆水-沉积物之间分配的影响.结果表明:随着培养前上覆水中ρ(磷)的增加青萍吸收的磷量呈增加趋势;培养前上覆水中ρ(磷)对沉积物中的碱性磷酸酶活性有显著影响;上覆水和沉积物之间磷的分配主要与二者之间磷含量差有关系,且上覆水中的可溶性磷含量越低,沉积物碱性磷酸酶的活性越高;培养前上覆水中ρ(磷)≤0.5 mg/L时,沉积物中的磷含量呈减少趋势;培养前上覆水中ρ(磷)为2～50 mg/L时,沉积物中的磷含量呈增加趋势.      

不同形态磷源对铜绿微囊藻与附生假单胞菌磷代谢的影响

实验研究磷酸二氢钠、β-甘油磷酸钠(Na-β-glycerophosphat,NaGly)、磷酸钙和卵磷脂(lecithin ,LEC) 4种不同形态的磷源对铜绿微囊藻的生长代谢及其与附生假单胞菌磷代谢关系的影响.测定了微囊藻的生长,水中磷浓度的变化,碱性磷酸酶活性(alkalinephosphataseactivity ,APA)和微囊藻中总磷含量的变化.结果表明,附生假单胞菌的存在能促进铜绿微囊藻的生长,并可以将微囊藻不易直接吸收的磷形态转化为磷酸盐等物质供微囊藻利用.碱性磷酸酶在微囊藻和X菌利用大分子有机磷的过程中起重要作用.     

太湖藻对水-沉积物界面磷交换过程的影响

采用太湖梅梁湾沉积物和上覆水,以及从太湖水体中分离出的水华优势蓝藻(铜绿微囊藻)和常见绿藻(月芽藻), 室内模拟研究了这2种藻对太湖梅梁湾沉积物磷交换过程的影响. 结果表明:藻种的不同显著影响磷在水-沉积物界面的交换过程. 在沉积物和上覆水灭活条件下,铜绿微囊藻能够显著增加沉积物磷的释放量,引起上覆水中可溶性磷酸盐的增加;而月芽藻的存在没有引起沉积物中磷的明显释放,上覆水中可溶性磷酸盐一直保持在很低水平. 在低磷浓度的水体中,藻类会被诱导产生碱性磷酸酶,分解大分子可溶性有机磷,以满足自身生长的需要. 沉积物中各形态磷存在明显的转化作用,其中铁磷和碱提有机磷含量明显下降,而钙磷和酸提有机磷含量则大幅增加.      

富营养湖泊沉积物中磷组分对硫酸盐的响应

采用室内模拟实验于厌氧条件下持续6周,研究不同外源硫酸盐浓度下南湖沉积物和上覆水之间的硫酸盐转化及还原情况,采用31P核磁共振(31P-NMR)研究沉积物磷组分所受影响.结果表明,硫酸盐输入促进了上覆水中pH值的升高,而氧化还原电位则呈相反的变化趋势.上覆水中SO24-浓度随时间推移而降低,但间隙水中SO24-浓度的增加幅度并不与上覆水中降低幅度一致,表明沉积物中SO24-发生了转化.沉积物的硫酸盐还原指数随SO24-输入浓度的增大而增加,沉积物中硫酸盐还原菌(SRB)的数量在第2周达到峰值,输入硫酸盐的S500和S1000处理中SRB数量远远高于未加硫酸盐的对照(CK).利用31P-NMR测定了南湖沉积物NaOH-EDTA萃取物中各种磷化合物的相对含量,南湖沉积物中的磷组分主要有正磷酸盐、磷酸单酯、磷酸二酯和焦磷酸盐,且正磷酸盐含量占绝对优势(占总磷的84.10%～95.54%),沉积物中其它磷组分含量顺序为磷酸单酯>磷酸二酯>焦磷酸盐.从总趋势来看,硫酸盐促进了沉积物中正磷酸盐的释放,且在硫酸盐还原菌数量较高时使沉积物中磷酸单酯、磷酸二酯和焦磷酸盐含量增加.     

狐尾藻对水体和沉积物中碱性磷酸酶动力学特征的影响

在室内模拟条件下栽培狐尾藻,通过对上覆水、间隙水和沉积物中碱性磷酸酶动力学参数变化的分析,揭示了沉水植物对湖泊富营养化影响的酶学机制. 结果表明:在试验条件下,栽培狐尾藻使上覆水、间隙水和沉积物中的碱性磷酸酶的最大反应速率(V_max)均有所降低;狐尾藻对上覆水和底质中碱性磷酸酶反应速率及亲和力的抑制作用比较明显,对间隙水主要是抑制溶解性碱性磷酸酶的V_max;狐尾藻对土壤中碱性磷酸酶的影响比同一营养水平的沉积物大,与沉积物相比,土壤作底质时上覆水中碱性磷酸酶的V_max和K_m(米氏常数)高,底质中碱性磷酸酶的V_max和K_m低;沉积物中碱性磷酸酶的V_max呈上升趋势,与上覆水相反,间隙水中碱性磷酸酶的V_max季节性变化明显,其最高值出现在7—8月.      

组合型生态浮床对上覆水和沉积物之间氮磷的影响

在天鹅湖水体中构建以水生植物和陆生喜水植物为实验植物,浮法控制器、水循环增氧系统和造浪-输送系统为辅助设备的组合型生态浮床.组合型生态浮床运行期间改变了水体的理化环境,影响了上覆水-沉积物中氮磷形态的迁移转化,跟踪监测在组合型生态浮床影响下上覆水和沉积物TN、NH4+-N和TP含量的浓度变化规律,探讨了在组合型生态浮床作用下,DO、Eh、pH对上覆水和沉积物中营养盐的影响,以及上覆水和沉积物中氮磷之间以及和各环境因子之间的相互关系.结果表明,实验期间上覆水中TN、NH4+-N和TP的去除率分别达到61.92%、63.09%和80.0%.沉积物中TN和NH4+-N的去除率分别达到23.79%和37.04%,沉积物中TP含量上升了43.71%.组合型生态浮床对上覆水环境因子如DO、Eh、pH等产生不同程度的影响,处理区上覆水中DO和Eh均高于对照区,DO由原来的8.7～8.9 mg·L-1上升到9.3～10.4 mg·L-1,Eh由原来的163～178 mV上升到191～198 mV,通过提高上覆水中DO和Eh有效抑制沉积物磷的释放并促进沉积物对上覆水中磷的吸附.pH的波动性较小,维持在7.51～8.32之间,并未促进沉积物磷释放.上覆水中TN、TP和NH4+-N以及与沉积物中的TN、NH4+-N之间呈极显著正相关,与沉积物中的TP极显著负相关;pH与上覆水和沉积物中的TN、TP和NH4+-N都无相关性;上覆水中的DO与Eh显著正相关,与沉积物中的TP显著负相关.     

方解石/氯磷灰石混合物添加对水体内源磷迁移转化的调控效应和机制

阐明方解石/氯磷灰石混合物添加对内源磷迁移转化的调控效应与机制,对于其实际应用至关重要.为此,本文采用氯化钙和磷酸钠制备得到氯磷灰石,再与天然方解石进行混合,形成氯磷灰石和方解石的混合物,然后通过批量吸附实验考察了该混合物对水中磷酸盐的去除作用,再通过底泥培养实验考察了该混合物添加对底泥中磷迁移转化的影响.结果表明,该混合物对水中磷酸盐的去除能力明显强于单纯的方解石和氯磷灰石;该混合物对水中磷酸盐的去除动力学过程较好地符合准二级和Elovich动力学模型;增加方解石和氯磷灰石的投加量均有利于该混合物对水中磷酸盐的去除;溶液共存钙离子促进了该混合物对水中磷酸盐的去除.该混合物的添加可以有效控制底泥中磷向上覆水体的释放,导致上覆水中的溶解性活性磷(SRP)浓度处于相对较低的水平.此外,该混合物添加还可以降低间隙水中SRP的浓度,其对间隙水中SRP的削减作用对其调控底泥中磷向上覆水体的迁移转化起到重要的作用.该混合物添加虽然会增加底泥中磷的含量,但所增加的磷主要是以稳定的钙磷形式存在,发生二次污染的风险低.结果显示,方解石/氯磷灰石混合物可以作为底泥改良材料用于水体内源磷释放的控制.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.     

Simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate by zeolite synthesized from coal fly ash as influenced by acid treatment

Zeolite synthesized from fly ash （ZFA） without modification is not efficient for the purification of NH4＋ and phosphate at low concentrations that occur in real effluents, despite the high potential removal capacity. To develop an effective technique to enhance the removal efficiency of ammonium and phosphate at low concentrations, ZFA was modified with acid treatment and the simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate in a wide range of concentration was investigated. It was seen that when compared with untreated ZFA, only the treatment by 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4 significantly improved the removal efficiency of ammonium at low initial concentrations. The behavior was well explained by the pH effect. Treatment by more concentrated H2SO4 led to the deterioration of the ZFA structure and a decrease in the cation exchange capacity. Treatment by 0.01 mol/L H2SO4 improved the removal efficiency of phosphate by ZFA at all initial P concentrations, while the treatment by concentrated H2SO4 （≥0.9 mol/L） resulted in a limited maximum phosphate immobilization capacity （PIC）. It was concluded that through a previous mild acid treatment （e.g. 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4）, ZFA can be used in the simultaneous removal of NH4＋ and P at low concentrations simulating real effluent.