Pseudomonas flava WD-3在人工湿地污水净化中的应用研究

为了研究Pseudomonas flava WD-3在复合垂直流人工湿地中对污水的处理效果,将其按照不同梯度接种量(菌悬液浓度为4.575×108个·mL-1)投加到复合垂直流人工湿地中,研究其对污水中氨氮、CODCr、NO-2-N、NO-3-N、总磷的去除效果,确定该菌株的最佳投加量,建立降解动力学模型.结果表明,该菌株对污水中的有机污染物以及氮磷等营养物具有明显的去除效果.菌株的最佳投加量为6.0%,且对污水中NH+4-N、COD、亚硝酸盐氮、硝酸盐氮、TP的去除效果分别为未投加该菌的1.49、1.48、1.45、1.41、1.83倍,且去除性能稳定.低温菌Pseudomonas flava WD-3对污水中各污染物的降解过程符合一级反应动力学模型.     

膜曝气生物反应器处理模拟啤酒废水的研究

以聚偏氟乙烯中空纤维膜构建无泡曝气膜生物反应器(MABR)处理模拟啤酒废水,在保持进水COD∶TN∶TP=100∶5∶1条件下,通过正交实验确定反应器的最佳运行条件,并在此条件下考察了反应器对啤酒废水中COD、氨氮和总磷的去除能力。研究表明,反应器对啤酒废水中的COD、氨氮有着良好的去除效果,系统稳定时COD与氨氮的平均去除率分别为88.6%和92.4%,此外MABR工艺具有较强的抗有机负荷冲击能力。但反应器对总磷的去除效果不够理想,平均去除率在30%左右。     

纤维陶粒处理城市污水和餐饮废水实验研究

以秸秆和粉煤灰制得纤维陶粒,作为曝气生物滤池(BAF)的载体填料处理生活污水和餐饮废水,考察了装置对COD、氨氮和总磷的去除情况,并用经稀释后的高浓度含油餐饮废水来考察其抗冲击负荷能力。结果表明:水处理运行期间,装置对城市污水主要污染物COD、氨氮和总磷的去除效率相对稳定,10 d平均去除率分别为90.33%、77.44%、82.41%;出水浓度均低于GB 8978-1996一级标准、GB 18918-2002一级A标准和DB 32/1072-2007规定的城镇污水处理厂Ⅰ,Ⅱ级主要水污染物排放限值,出水水质良好。对高浓度含油餐饮废水的COD、氨氮和总磷的去除效率平均分别为86.5%、68.98%、80.3%,均低于对城市污水的相应去除效率;除COD外.装置出水保持较好的脱氮除磷效果,说明纤维陶粒作为BAF载体填料对高浓度COD废水具有一定的抗冲击负荷能力。     

生物炭对Pseudomonas flava WD-3的固定化及其强化人工湿地污水处理研究

为确保寒冷地区冬季人工湿地的污水处理效果,采用从南四湖人工湿地底泥中分离纯化得到的一株低温菌Pseudomonas flava WD-3为研究对象,以水稻秸秆在300、500和700℃下炭化得到的生物活性炭为吸附载体,在6~8℃低温条件下,通过重复试验探索生物炭对微生物吸附固定的最佳时间及对污水的去除效率,并将最优的生物炭固定化菌剂投入到人工湿地中,探究菌剂投加量对污水处理效果的影响.结果表明,水稻秸秆生物炭最佳热解温度为700℃,对Pseudomonas flava WD-3的吸附固定化时间为24 h.生物炭固定化Pseudomonas flava WD-3在冬季人工湿地的最佳投加量为0.042 g·L~(-1),其对污水中COD、NH_4~+-N和TP的去除效率有明显的提高,分别为游离菌处理效果的1.03、1.15、1.14倍,且去除性能稳定.生物炭固定化Pseudomonas flava WD-3对污水中COD、NH_4~+-N、TN和TP的降解过程符合一级反应动力学模型.     

一种复合菌制剂对富营养化污水的净化作用研究

以高效去除COD为主要指标,从南昌市区富营养化的鱼塘淤泥水和猪场废水混合液中分离筛选出4株目的菌株,发现其中以NCG1菌株的去除活性最好.经生理生化鉴定和16SrRNA序列分析,初步鉴定NCG1为施氏假单胞菌(Pseudomonas stutzeri).同时,采用另一株具有高效去除无机盐氮能力的菌株C-4与菌株NCG1复合培养,建立了两株菌的复合培养方法.结果表明,与单菌相比,复合菌综合了单菌的优良去除活性,在对合成废水的处理中,72h后废水中NH4+-N、NO3--N和COD的去除率分别达84.4%、86.91%和81.36%.研究表明,生产的复合菌剂在对富营养化池塘污水样品的处理中显示出良好的效能.     

高效降解黑臭废水细菌的筛选及鉴定

以筛选出能够高效降解黑臭废水的更多细菌为目的,从不同重污染水体和底泥中筛选获得了多种细菌,并对其降解能力进行检测。净化实验结果表明,筛选出的50多株细菌中有12株对废水COD有明显的降解效果,降解率在45%以上;有4株菌对废水氨氮有明显的降解效果,降解率在30%以上,其中4号菌株对COD和氨氮都有很高的降解能力。经16SrRNA基因鉴定,4号菌株为不动杆菌属,由单因子优化实验得出4号菌株生长的最适条件为:温度30℃,pH7.5,转速180r/min,培养时间为22h时,微生物达到稳定期。在此条件下,4号菌株对自然黑臭废水COD和氨氮的降解率可达到92%和72%。     

植被和温度对水平潜流人工湿地养分去除及微生物处理的影响研究

为研究芦苇、水葱、香蕉、千屈草四种植物迁移养分的能力,采用水平潜流人工湿地处理生活废水,在四个季节分别测定了出水中COD、BOD、氨氮、总氮、总磷含量,结果表明:水平潜流人工湿地处理生活废水效果较好,出水水质能达到污水综合排放二级标准,芦苇对氨氮去除效果较好,千屈草对COD、BOD去除效果均较好,香蕉对总氮去除效果较好。湿地中微生物种类及数量随着水流方向逐渐递减,在温度为15℃～20℃时四种植物下湿地中细菌及真菌数量均达到最大值,当种植芦苇及水葱时湿地细菌量更多。     

造纸废水中高效菌群的筛选与鉴定

从再生造纸废水中分离出细菌14株,真菌5株,通过测定菌株的COD去除率,筛选出高效菌株,对其进行形态特征、生理生化特征、16S rDNA或ITS rDNA序列分析,并比较了单个菌株与混合菌的COD去除效果。结果表明:从再生造纸废水中筛选出高效菌株4株,鉴定为巨大芽孢杆菌、施氏假单胞菌、产碱假单胞菌、皮状丝孢酵母;混合菌COD去除能力优于单个菌株,COD去除率可达86.5%。     

1株异养硝化细菌LLM-5的分离鉴定及其性能研究

该试验从大庆湿地水体中筛选出1株耐高温、耐高氨氮的异养硝化-好氧反硝化细菌。根据形态学特征及16S rRNA基因序列分析,鉴定并命名为Pseudomonas sp. LLM-5。采用单因素试验法,测定不同碳源、氨态氮浓度、C/N比和环境因素对该菌株脱氮效果的影响。结果发现,单因素试验中LLM-5菌株的最适脱氮条件为以丁二酸钠为碳源、C/N=16、盐度2%、初始pH 9.0。该菌株在最适温度（40℃）培养24 h后对氨氮、总氮、COD的去除率分别为87.38%、84.41%、79.90%。在初始氨氮浓度为1 000 mg/L时,该菌对氨氮、总氮、COD的去除率分别达到94.34%、85.49%、82.55%,并在1 200 mg/L时菌株仍能正常生长(OD600=0.63)。菌株同时在以亚硝态氮与硝态氮为单一氮源（初始浓度为100 mg/L）时能将50%～60%的含氮物质去除。研究表明：LLM-5菌株具有优异的异养硝化性能、耐高温及高氨氮浓度,且具好氧反硝化性能,在处理高温、高浓度氨氮废水等领域具有广泛的应用前景。     

一株异养硝化好氧反硝化菌的筛选鉴定及其脱氮特性

从长期施用农家肥的土壤中筛选出一株异养硝化好氧反硝化菌SQ2,经形态学和16S rRNA同源性分析,初步确定该菌株为不动杆菌Acinetobacter sp..实验研究了菌株SQ2对氨氮、硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐的去除特性,通过改变碳氮比、pH、接种量、碳源、温度和转速考察了菌株异养硝化条件,并探究了菌株耐高氨氮特性.结果表明,在28℃、180 r·min~(-1)好氧条件下,菌株SQ2对氨氮、亚硝态氮和硝态氮去除率分别达到100%、99.6%和96.9%,异养硝化体系中氮源降解速率、COD去除速率及菌株生长量均要高于好氧反硝化体系.菌株SQ2异养硝化最适条件为:碳氮比为12,pH为7~9,接种量为5%,碳源为琥珀酸钠,温度为28℃,转速为180~220 r·min~(-1).菌株SQ2具有良好的耐高氨氮特性,对实际高氨氮猪场废水脱氮效果良好,在高氨氮污水等生物处理方面具有良好的应用前景.     

Evaluation of phytoextracting cadmium and lead by sunflower, ricinus, alfalfa and mustard in hydroponic culture

Soil contaminated with heavy metals cadmium(Cd)and lead(Pb)is hard to be remediated.Phytoremediation may be a feasible method to remove toxic metals from soil,but there are few suitable plants which can hyperaccumulate metals.In this study,Cd and Pb accumulation by four plants including sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.),mustard(Brassica juncea L.),alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.), ricinus(Ricinus communis L.)in hydroponic cultures was compared.Results showed that these plants could phytocxtract heavy metals, the ability of accumulation differed with species,concentrations and categories of heavy metals.Values of BCF(bioconcentration factor)and TF(translocation factor)indicated that four species had dissimilar abilities of phytoextraction and transportation of heavy metals.Changes on the biomass of plants,pH and Eh at different treatments revealed that these four plants had distinct responses to Cd and Pb in cultures.Measurements should be taken to improve the phytoremediation of sites contaminated with heavy metals,such as pH and Eh regulations,and so forth.     

Oxidation of As(Ⅲ) by potassium permanganate

The oxidation of As(Ⅲ) with potassium permanganate was studied under conditions including pH, initial As(Ⅲ) concentration and dosage of Mn(Ⅶ). The results have shown that potassium permanganate was an effective agent for oxidizing of As(Ⅲ) in a wide pH range. The pH value of tested water was not a significant factor affecting the oxidation of As(Ⅲ) by Mn(Ⅶ). Although theoretical redox analyses suggest that Mn(Ⅶ) should have better performance in oxidization of As(Ⅲ) within lower pH ranges, the experimental results show that the oxidation efficiencies of As(Ⅲ) under basic and acidic conditions were similar, which may be due to the adsorption of As(Ⅲ) on the Mn(OH)2 and MnO2 resulting from the oxidation of As(Ⅲ).     

Chlorobenzenes in waterweeds from the Xijiang River （Guangdong section） of the Pearl River

The Xijiang River is the major source of water for about 4.5 millions of urban population and 28.7 millions of rural population. The water quality is very important for the health of the rural population. The concentration and distribution of chlorobenzenes (CBs) in both water and waterweeds collected from 4 stations in the Xijiang River (Gangdong section) of the Pearl River in April and November were determined. The result showed that nearly every congener of CBs was detected. The total contents of CBs (∑CBs) in the river water ranged from 111.1 to 360.0 ng/L in April and from 151.9 to 481.7 ng/L in November, respectively. The pollution level of CBs in the water in April was higher than that in November. The contents of ∑ CBs in waterweeds ranged from 13.53×102 μg/g to 38.27×102μg/g dry weight (dw). There was no significant difference between April and November in waterweeds. The distribution of CBs in roots, caulis, and leaves of Vallisneria spiralis L. showed different patterns. The leaves mainly contained low-molecular-weight CBs(DCBs), whereas the roots accumulated more PCBs and HCBs. The average lgBCFlip (bioconcentration factor) of CBs ranged from 0.64 to 3.57 in the waterweeds. The spatial distribution character of CBs in the Xijiang River was: Fengkai County ＜ Yunan County ＜Yun'an County ＜ Gaoyao County according to the ∑CBs, and the pollution deteriorated from the upstream to the downstream of the Xijiang River. Further analysis demonstrated that the discharge of waste containing CBs may be the main source of CBs pollution in the Xijiang River.     

Degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol with a novel TiO2/Ti-Fe-graphite felt photoelectrocatalytic oxidation process

Degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol(2,4-DCP)was studied in a novel three-electrode photoelectrocatalytic(PEC)integrative oxidation process,and the factors influencing the degradation rate,such as applied current,flow speed of O_2,pH,adscititious voltage and initial 2,4-DCP concentration were investigated and optimized.H_2O_2 was produced nearby cathode and Fe~(2 )continuously generated from Fe anode in solution when current and O_2 were applied,so,main reactions,H_2O_2-assisted TiO_2 PEC oxidation and E-Fenton reaction,occurred during degradation of 2,4-DCP in this integrative system.The degradation ratio of 2,4-DCP was 93% in this integrative oxidation process,while it was only 31% in E-Fenton process and 46% in H_2O_2-assisted TiO_2 PEC process.So,it revealed that the degradation of 2,4-DCP was improved greatly by photoelectrical cooperation effect.By the investigation of pH,it showed that this integrative process could work well in a wide pH range from pH 3 to pH 9.     

Effect of copper on the degradation of pesticides cypermethrin and cyhalothrin

The influence of coexisting copper (Cu) ion on the degradation of pesticides pyrethroid cypermethrin and cyhalothrin in soil and photodegradation in water system were studied.Serial concentrations of the pesticides with the addition of copper ion were spiked in the soil and incubated for a regular period of time,the analysis of the extracts from the soil was carried out using gas chromatography (GC).The photodegradation of pyrethroids in water system was conducted under UV irradiation.The effect of Cu~(2 ) on the pesticides degradation was measured with half life (t_(0.5)) of degradation.It was found that a negative correlation between the degradation of the pyrethroid pesticides in soil and Cu addition was observed.But Cu~(2 ) could accelerate photodegradation of the pyrethroids in water.The t_(0.5) for cyhalothrin extended from 6.7 to 6.8 d while for cypermethrin extended from 8.1 to 10.9 d with the presence of copper ion in soil.As for photodegradation,t_(0.5) for cyhalothrin reduced from 173.3 to 115.5 rain and for cypermethrin from 115.5 to 99.0 min.The results suggested that copper influenced the degradation of the pesticides in soil by affecting the activity of microorganisms.However, it had catalyst tendency for photodegradation in water system.The difference for the degradation efficiency of pyrethroid isomers in soil was also observed.Copper could obviously accelerate the degradation of some special isomers.     

Effects of arsenic on seed germination and physiological activities in wheat seedlings

The effects of arsenic(As)were investigated on seed germination,root and shoot length and their biomass and some other factors to elucidate the toxicity of As.The results showed low concentrations of As(O-1 mg/kg)stimulated seed germination and the growth of root and shoot,however,these factors all decreased gradually at high concentrations of As(5-20 mg/kg).The contents Of O2-,MDA,soluble protein and peroxidase(POD)activity all increased with increasing As concentrations.Soluble sugar content,ascorbate peroxidase(APX),and superoxide dismutase(SOD)activities decreased at low concentrations of As,and increased at high concentrations of As.While acetylsalicylic acid(ASA)and chlorophyll contents,catalase(CAT)activity displayed increasing trend when the concentrations of As was lower than 1 mg/kg,and then decreasing trend.By polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis(PAGE).As induced the expression of POD isozymes of wheat seedlings.As induced the expression of CAT isozymes but inhibited the expression of SOD isozymes of wheat seedlings at concentrations lower than 1 mg/kg.However,As inhibited the expression of CAT isozymes but induced the expression of SOD isozymes at concentrations higher than 5 mg/kg.The results indicated As could exert harmfulness in the early development stage of wheat at inappropriate concentrations.     

Sustainability： A view from the wind-eroded field

This article explores the assessment of sustainability in fields subject to wind erosion. In the first part, simple sustainability audits are examined, as of soil depth and nutrients. Direct measurement of these characteristics has many problems, largely because of huge variability in space and time at all scales. Modelling still has its problems, but it may be possible to overcome many of them soon. It is true that wind erosion preferentially removes soil nutrients, but there are imponderables even here. The nutrient balance in many of these soils includes considerable input from dust. In West Africa, it has been shown that the amounts of calcium and potassium that are added in dust are sufficient to fertilize dispersed crops. In mildly acidic sandy soils, such as those found on the widespread palaeo- aeolian deposits, much of the phosphorus is fixed and unavailable to plants by the time it is removed by wind erosion, so that erosion has no added downside. Most of the nutrients carried by dust have been shown to travel close to the ground （even when they are attached to dust-sized particles）, and so are trapped in nearby fallow strips, and are thus not lost to the farming system. Second, the sustalnabillty of a whole semi-arid farming system is explored. Wind erosion in semi-arid areas （like China, the Sahel and Norflawestern Europe） generally takes place on aeolian deposits of the recent geological past. Most of these soils are deep enough to withstand centuries of wind erosion before they are totally lost to production, and some of these soils have greater fertility at greater depth （so that wind erosion may even improve the soil）. Finally some remarks are made about environmental change in relation to sustainability.     

Bioconcentration kinetics of PCBs in various parts of the lifecycle of the tadpoles Xenopus laevis

Polychlorinated biphenyls （PCBs） in Xenopus laevis have been reported only for a few congeners. Additionally, there is very little information on the ability of Xenopus laevis to bioconcentrate PCBs. To address these issues, the tadpole Xenopus laevis was exposed to Aroclor 1254 mixtures in water at room temperature for 110 d followed by an additional 110 d of nonspiked PCBs in the water for the control group. During the whole process, bioconcentration factors （BCFs） of PCBs ranged from 1180 to 15670. For most PCB congeners, the highest and lowest bioconcentrations of the kinetic curves were found to be remarkably simultaneous, respectively. All 141 PCB congeners under the same experimental conditions had no linear correlation on the lgBCF versus lgKow relationship. The relationship between lgBCFs and lgKow followed a parabolic pattern indicative of selective bioconcentration, suggesting that the kinetic curves of the PCB congeners observed in the lifecycle of the tadpoles may be concentrated due to the amphibian special species and internal metabolism. In contrast, lgBCFs for PCBs were inversely related to lgKow, suggesting that a metabolism of the higher Kow PCB congeners occurred. These results support the author＇s conclusion that the tadpole Xenopus laevis plays major roles in the bioconcentration of PCB congeners, and demonstrated that the exposure kinetic curves of PCB congeners are complex. Besides the amphibian metamorphous development, the lifecycle of the tadpole Xenopus laevis also may be of importance in determining the bioconcentration of PCB congeners.     

Amplification of plasmid DNA bound on soil colloidal particles and clay minerals by the polymerase chain reaction

Polymerase chain reaction(PCR)was used to amplify a 600-base pair(bp)sequence of plasmid pGEX-2T DNA bound on soil colloidal particles from Brown soil(Alfisol)and Red soil(Ultisol),and three different minerals(goethite,kaolinite,montmorillonite). DNA bound on soil colloids,kaolinite,and montmorillonite was not amplified when the complexes were used directly but amplification occurred when the soil colloid or kaolinite-DNA complex was diluted,10- and 20-fold.The montmorillonite-DNA complex required at least 100-fold dilution before amplification could be detected.DNA bound on goethile was amplified irrespective of whether the complex was used directly,or diluted 10- and 20-fold.The amplification of mineral-bound plasmid DNA by PCR is,therefore,markedly influenced by the type and concentration of minerals used.This information is of fundamental importance to soil molecular microbial ecology with particular reference to monitoring the fate of genetically engineered microorganisms and their recombinant DNA in soil environments.     

Arsenic uptake and transport of Pteris vittata L. as influenced by phosphate and inorganic arsenic species under sand cu｜ture

In order to understand the similarity or difference of inorganic As species uptake and transport related to phosphorus in As-hyperaccumulator, uptake and transport of arsenate (As(Ⅴ)) and arsenite (As(Ⅲ)) were studied using Pteris vittata L. under sand culture. Higher concentrations of phosphate were found to inhibit accumulation of arsenate and arsenite in the fronds of P. vittata. The reduction in As accumulation was greater in old fronds than in young fronds, and relatively weak in root and rhizome. Moderate increases, from 0.05 to 0.3 mmol/L, in phosphate reduced uptake of As(Ⅲ) more than As(Ⅴ), while the reverse was observed at high concentrations of phosphate (≥ 1.0 mmol/L). Phosphate apparently reduced As transport and the proportion of As accumulated in fronds of P. vittata when As was supplied as As(Ⅴ). It may in part be due to competition between phosphorus and As(Ⅴ) during transport. In contrast, phosphate had a much smaller effect on As transport when the As was supplied as As(Ⅲ). Therefore, the results from present experiments indicates that a higher concentration of phosphate suppressed As accumulation and transport in P. vittata, especially in the fronds, when exposure to As(Ⅴ); but the suppression of phosphate to As transport in the root or rhizome may be insignificant when P. vittata when exposure to As(Ⅲ) under sand culture conditions. The finding will help to understand the interaction of P and As during their uptake process in P. vittata.