东海赤潮及其监视监测

赤潮是一种海洋生态异常现象，是海洋生态系统受损与退化的表征与警示。近20a以来，东海赤潮频发，且影响范围不断扩大、持续时间增长，并呈逐年上升趋势，在一定程度上制约了东海区沿海省市海洋经济的发展。开展有害赤潮常规监测和应急监视监测是当前赤潮监控中最为有效手段。本文系统回顾和总结了近20a来东海区赤潮发生特点，以及在东海区开展的赤潮监视监测工作，并对21世纪东海赤潮监视监测进行了简要展望。     

赤潮灾害应急决策支持系统的概念设计

赤潮灾害是目前已知海洋最大的生态灾害之一,它危及海洋渔业资源、破坏海洋生态环境、危及人类健康,造成的海洋经济损失逐年增加。本文在分析国内外各种自然灾害应急决策支持系统的研究现状及赤潮灾害应急决策支持系统研究成果的基础上,设计实现了赤潮灾害应急决策支持系统。本系统集成卫星遥感、浮标、船载快速监测和走航等多源监测数据,实时或准实时地监测赤潮灾害的环境、生物和灾情各相关要素的状况与动态变化,提供实时监测数据和赤潮灾害的决策信息,并按照赤潮灾害的生消变化分成灾前、临灾、灾中和灾后四个阶段,以达到快速、实用、准确地提供专门的赤潮灾害决策成果,为有关部门的赤潮灾害预测预报及选取科学有效的防灾、减灾和救灾措施提供依据。     

赤潮灾害的研究进展

赤潮灾害是一种海洋生态灾害,它的发生不仅会威胁爆发海域的生态环境安全,造成海洋食物链的局部中断、破坏生态系统平衡,还可能损坏人类健康和经济发展,已引起各国政府及科学界的广泛关注。本文综述了国内外赤潮灾害的预测、评估和影响状况,分析了当前赤潮灾害研究工作中存在的问题,提出了未来赤潮灾害研究的发展方向,以期为科学防治赤潮灾害提供指导。     

中国沿海赤潮的防治与对策

目前对我国沿海赤潮的防治和对策主要是严格控制陆源污染物和有机物向海洋的排放量，加强养殖业的管理，减少其自身污染。防止水体污染和富营养化。开展赤潮机理和预报的研究。建立统一的理化指标。建立健全赤潮防治领导机构和监视网。坚持突出重点，“以防为主，防治结合”的方针，加强监视监测队伍的建设，做好现场监视监测工作。     

论我国海洋环境监测中的几个问题

随着沿海经济的发展,一些海湾、河口污染加重,近海赤潮发生越来越频繁,造成的损失越来越大,海水养殖病害增多,甚至危害人类健康。为保护海洋环境,促进海洋经济发展,必须提高对海洋环境监测的认识,增加投入,加强“热点”海域的监测,减少海洋灾害的损失;加强海洋生物监测,避免潜伏的海洋灾害发生。      

大气气溶胶中铁的酸化与东海赤潮

气溶胶中微量元素的大气输送过程对海洋初级生产力有重要意义,其中铁对海洋生物至关重要,也可能成为影响赤潮的关键因子.本文在综述了大气中酸性物质对气溶胶铁的酸化,在铁从不溶态转变为可溶态的关键过程基础上,提出了东海赤潮的发生可能与大气酸化气溶胶铁密切相关.酸化后的可溶性铁在东海赤潮区下沉可能与沿岸洋流从冬、夏季环流转换提供水动力条件共同作用.该设想将为探索赤潮灾害发生机理提供一些参考,对最终预警预报赤潮发生,降低赤潮灾害的损失,保护海洋生态环境具有重要意义.     

山东沿海赤潮灾害基本特征及防控对策建议

基于1952年－2017年山东省沿海赤潮事件的统计资料,对赤潮灾害的时间变化、空间分布及原因种构成等基本特征进行系统分析。结果表明:山东沿海最常发规模<10 km2、单相型的无毒甲藻（Pyrrophyta）赤潮;赤潮暴发多集中在5月－9月;东营黄河口、莱州湾中西部、长岛近海、烟台四十里湾、青岛胶州湾及前海、日照东港近海为易发赤潮灾害的海域;最频发的赤潮生物为夜光藻（Noctiluca scintillans）,其暴发次数和暴发面积均远高于其他种类;新世纪以来,有毒赤潮和双相型赤潮占比显著增加,赤潮生物种类明显增多。针对山东沿海赤潮灾害表征特点,提出了提高赤潮监控信息化水平、开展赤潮灾害风险评估与区划、推动海洋生态环境综合治理的防控对策建议。     

河北省近岸海域赤潮灾害特征分析

对河北省近岸海域1989~2014年间发生的赤潮灾害进行综合分析,结果表明:全省赤潮灾害发生的频次及累计面积呈现上升趋势;每年的5~10月是赤潮灾害的发生期,其中5~6月是赤潮频发期;秦皇岛市、黄骅市附近海域是河北省赤潮灾害的多发海域,也是深受赤潮灾害危害较为严重的海域;甲藻门引发赤潮灾害的比例较大,尤其夜光藻引发的赤潮灾害的次数最多;有毒赤潮生物种较多,达12种;新的赤潮生物种抑食金球藻引发的赤潮灾害扩散快,影响面积大,持续时间长。建议采取有效措施,严格控制陆源污染物超标排放;加强海水养殖业的科学管理,控制养殖废水的排放;加大对抑食金球藻引发赤潮的机理、快速检测与识别方法的研究,减少或避免赤潮灾害的发生。     

沿海城市固体废物处置对策探讨

沿海城市有它们共同的特性,除了经济发展,它们还有优越的地理资源和环境资源优势,沿海城市的固体废物同样具有其自身的特点。据此,分析沿海城市固体废物特性,固体废物的生产和处置状态,并综合沿海城市的地理和经济特性,及在国家发展中所承担的重要职责,提出了通过控制污染源,建立循环性经济体制和固体废物电子管理政务体系,引进和研发高新固废处理技术、加强管理和国内、国际间的合作等措施,促进固体废物更有效地得以妥善处置,实现城市与海洋和谐发展的对策建议。     

远程数值模拟技术在赤潮应急监测中的应用研究

根据赤潮灾害应急监测的需要,以应急监测实施为出发点,基于水动力数值模拟技术和赤潮藻种扩散模拟技术,建立可业务化应用的赤潮应急监测远程数值模拟平台。平台可成为多部门应对赤潮灾害的协同工作平台,为管理部门提供赤潮发生后藻种的漂移方向、扩散范围等信息,并为监测队伍提供监测范围指引。平台的构建实现了对突发性赤潮灾害的远程智能分析和决策支持,提高了赤潮应急监测方案的合理性和监测实施的有效性。     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.     

Simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate by zeolite synthesized from coal fly ash as influenced by acid treatment

Zeolite synthesized from fly ash （ZFA） without modification is not efficient for the purification of NH4＋ and phosphate at low concentrations that occur in real effluents, despite the high potential removal capacity. To develop an effective technique to enhance the removal efficiency of ammonium and phosphate at low concentrations, ZFA was modified with acid treatment and the simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate in a wide range of concentration was investigated. It was seen that when compared with untreated ZFA, only the treatment by 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4 significantly improved the removal efficiency of ammonium at low initial concentrations. The behavior was well explained by the pH effect. Treatment by more concentrated H2SO4 led to the deterioration of the ZFA structure and a decrease in the cation exchange capacity. Treatment by 0.01 mol/L H2SO4 improved the removal efficiency of phosphate by ZFA at all initial P concentrations, while the treatment by concentrated H2SO4 （≥0.9 mol/L） resulted in a limited maximum phosphate immobilization capacity （PIC）. It was concluded that through a previous mild acid treatment （e.g. 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4）, ZFA can be used in the simultaneous removal of NH4＋ and P at low concentrations simulating real effluent.