秸秆燃烧排放的正构烷烃及其碳同位素组成特征

为了探讨生物质燃烧过程中正构烷烃化学组成及其碳同位素的变化规律,对4种玉米秸秆进行了室内焚烧实验,用GC-MS和GC/C/IRMS方法对燃烧前后的样品进行测定.结果表明,秸秆中正构烷烃的碳数为C13~C35,分布形态为单峰型,主峰碳数为C31.正构烷烃的碳优势指数(CPI)值为1.1~5.3,平均碳链长度(ACL)为25.1~28.8.明火烟尘中正构烷烃的碳数为C14~C35,呈双峰型分布,2个主峰碳数分别是C18和C31.其CPI值为1.0~2.4,ACL值为23.0~26.8.正构烷烃单体碳同位素比值为-20.1‰~-33.5‰.闷烧烟尘中正构烷烃的碳数是C12~C35,CPI值为2.2~4.8,ACL值为26.6~28.9.其含量呈双峰式分布,2个主峰碳数分别是C22/C23、C31.正构烷烃单体碳同位素比值为-21.5‰~-32.5‰.在明火烟尘和闷烧烟尘中,正构烷烃的单体碳同位素组成与原秸秆中同碳数正构烷烃的差值分别为-13.8‰~5.4‰、-6.7‰~ -5.1‰.2种烟尘中正构烷烃的化学组成与碳同位素分布都与原玉米秸秆有着显著的差别.     

稻草烟尘中正构烷烃和正构脂肪酸的碳同位素

为了查清稻草燃烧烟尘中正构烷烃和正构脂肪酸的碳同位素分馏状况,对我国的6种稻草在明火燃烧和闷烧条件下进行室内模拟试验,并测定了烟尘中两类有机物的单体碳同位素.结果表明,在明火烟尘中,正构烷烃和正构脂肪酸单体的δ13C值分别为-28.6‰～-38.8‰、-29.6‰～-41.9‰;正构烷烃和正构脂肪酸的平均碳同位素组成分别是-32.6‰～-36.4‰、-34.0‰～-36.2‰.在多数稻草的明火烟尘中,正构烷烃总体上比秸秆内同碳数烷烃亏损13C,其δ13C值最大相差4.1‰.大部分正构脂肪酸的单体碳同位素组成比稻草重,二者最大相差6.3‰.在闷烧烟尘中,正构烷烃和正构脂肪酸的单体δ13C值分别为-31.7‰～-39.0‰、-31.3‰～-38.8‰;正构烷烃和正构脂肪酸的平均碳同位素组成分别为-35.1‰～-36.4‰、-34.4‰～-35.6‰.在多数稻草的闷烧烟尘中,正构烷烃的单体碳同位素组成比稻草轻,二者最大相差6.1‰;而正构脂肪酸的单体碳同位素却比稻草重,二者最大相差8.4‰.稻草闷烧时排放的正构烷烃比明火燃烧时排放的更趋向于亏损13C,而高碳数（≥C19）正构脂肪酸的单体碳同位素组成呈现出比明火烟尘偏重的趋势.在稻草烟尘中,正构烷烃和正构脂肪酸的单体碳同位素组成与未燃烧稻草中的对应化合物有显著差别.烟尘中两类有机物相对于稻草而发生了方向相反的碳同位素分馏.     

稻草及其燃烧烟尘中正构烷烃的研究

利用气质联用仪测定了中国6种稻草及其明火和闷火燃烧烟尘中正构烷烃的含量.结果表明,稻草中正构烷烃的平均含量为73.0μg/g.碳数分布范围为C12~C37,呈以C29为主峰的单峰型分布.高碳数正构烷烃(>C23)具有明显的奇碳数优势,其平均碳优势指数是2.9.在明火焚烧和闷烧烟尘中正构烷烃的含量均值分别是 1633.1,5458.5μg/g.碳数分布范围为C14~C35,呈以C29或C31为主峰的单峰型分布.碳数在C27以上的正构烷烃具有明显的奇碳数优势,其平均碳优势指数分别是1.5和1.9.稻草烟尘中正构烷烃的组成与原秸秆存在显著的差别.     

胶州湾表层海水中的正构烷烃及其来源解析

<正>构烷烃是自然界中普遍存在的有机物质,其组成和分布与人类活动密切相关,是表征有机污染物来源的良好标志物.用气相色谱-质谱(gas chromatography-mass spectrometry,GC-MS)对2016年4月胶州湾表层海水中的正构烷烃进行检测,首次报道了胶州湾表层海水中正构烷烃的分布特征及来源解析.结果表明,其含量在1.756~39.09μg·L~(-1)之间,主要由连续分布的C11~C_(37)正构烷烃同系物组成,没有明显的奇偶优势,但碳数为C_(21)~C_(33)的正构烷烃约占总正构烷烃的95.0%.胶州湾表层海水中正构烷烃的高值区以湾口为主,在湾内东北部和西部也有出现,这一分布特征与胶州湾东北部和西部河流带来的工业废水、生活污水和湾口码头附近的船舶航运带来的正构烷烃输入有关.水交换较为充分的湾中部和湾外海域正构烷烃总量在1.756~2.842μg·L~(-1)之间,平均值为2.196μg·L~(-1),可视为胶州湾正构烷烃的环境背景值.其碳数分布有明显的C_(24)主碳峰,前峰群有微弱的奇碳优势,后峰群有微弱的偶碳优势,表明这部分正构烷烃以藻类和海洋细菌等生物自生输入为主.人类活动对胶州湾的影响很大,输入的正构烷烃主要集中在湾口及湾内近岸海域,由C_(21)~C_(33)正构烷烃同系物组成,呈现出有微弱偶碳优势的后峰群单峰形分布特征,代表高度风化的石油类污染物.其含量在9.606~39.09μg·L~(-1)之间,约占胶州湾总正构烷烃量的83.7%.整体来看,胶州湾表层海水对正构烷烃的去除机制以蒸发、稀释等物理风化过程为主,从湾内向湾外风化强度增大.     

抚仙湖悬浮颗粒物正构烷烃来源及季节特征

为了探究抚仙湖水体中有机质的正构烷烃来源和时空变化特征,对2016年4月~2017年3月抚仙湖水柱悬浮颗粒物中正构烷烃的分布特征、来源、季节变化特征及其与沉积物中正构烷烃的关系进行了研究.结果表明：抚仙湖水柱悬浮颗粒物中正构烷烃的碳数分布范围在C₁₇~C₃₃之间,呈现以优势峰C₂₇和C₂₉为主的单峰分布模式.在垂直梯度的空间分布上,正构烷烃在变温层和温跃层的浓度高于深水层,最大浓度出现在深20m水层,深层水体中正构烷烃浓度受沉积物再悬浮作用影响微弱;在季节变化上,正构烷烃含量存在明显的季节波动,在10月和4月呈现最高值;其中,中长链正构烷烃（C₂₅、C₂₇和C₂₉）丰度与浮游植物生物量季节变化趋势一致,证明浮游植物是抚仙湖水柱中正构烷烃的主要来源,水温是限制抚仙湖水柱中正构烷烃时空分布的关键因子.浮游植物、流域表土和沉水植物的共同输入是抚仙湖沉积物中正构烷烃C₂₉具有较高丰度的原因,沉积物中正构烷烃（C₃₁和C₂₃）来源相对单一,可以有效指示流域陆源植物和沉水植物输入.本文结果可多应用正构烷烃指标进行抚仙湖长序列钻孔古环境重建研究提供数据支持.     

夏季长江口中颗粒态及溶解态正构烷烃组成和迁移

为阐释长江口颗粒态、溶解态正构烷烃的时空分布特征,并初步探讨其迁移循环机制.2001年7月在长江口分表、底层采集溶解态与颗粒态样品,采样区域的氯度跨度为0.028‰～16‰.样品经有机抽提和气相色谱定量分析,检测到表层溶解态、颗粒态正构烷烃总浓度分别为0.19～4.1μg·L-1和0.19～3.6μg·L-1;底层溶解态、颗粒态正构烷烃浓度分别为0.12～1.9μg·L-1和0.63～4.2μg·L-1.结果显示,长江口水体中正构烷烃碳数多分布在n-C15～n-C36间,正构烷烃碳数浓度分布呈高碳数优势、双峰型优势和低碳数优势3种关系.特征参数表明,长江口有机物呈显著的陆源有机质输入特征;且由长江口向外,陆源输入逐渐减弱.固-液分配系数Kd在不同站位和不同化合物间差异较大;同时Kd还存在颗粒物浓度效应.河口区颗粒态正构烷烃迁移的控制因素主要有潮周期的变化和沉积物再悬浮等.     

北京市典型城区PM_(2.5)中正构烷烃的污染特征与来源

2013年6月在北京及华北平原大城市空气污染联合观测期间,使用大流量PM2.5采样仪分昼、夜采集北京市典型城区环境空气中PM2.5样品,利用GC-MS技术对PM2.5中正构烷烃的污染水平、分布特征与来源进行分析,并且结合后向轨迹分析了远距离传输的影响.结果表明:观测期间ρ(PM2.5)为29.73~275.30μgm3,PM2.5中ρ(总正构烷烃)为50.33~143.49 ngm3.PM2.5中正构烷烃质量浓度随碳数分布呈单峰-后峰型和双峰-后高型2种;Cmax(主峰碳数)为C29或C31;CPI(碳优势指数)为1.34~6.66;LMWHMW〔ρ(C14~C24正构烷烃)ρ(C25~C36正构烷烃)〕为0.10~0.31.观测期间PM2.5中正构烷烃主要来自高等植物蜡,并且主要来自温带植物;其次来自化石燃料和生物质的不完全燃烧.观测期间来自北京市南向气团轨迹出现概率最高,影响最为突出,其次为来自东南沿海方向和内蒙古中西部方向的气团轨迹.     

聊城市冬季PM_(2.5)中正构烷烃和糖类的污染特征及来源解析

为研究聊城市冬季大气PM2.5中正构烷烃和糖类化合物的分子组成、浓度水平及来源,于2017年1~2月在聊城大学进行PM2.5样品采集,对19种(C18~C36)正构烷烃和10种糖类化合物进行分析,并采用主成分分析法(PCA)解析其来源。结果表明,聊城市冬季PM2.5中总正构烷烃的质量浓度为(456.9±252.5)ng?m-3,其中,灰霾期的质量浓度最高,约为清洁天的2倍,烟火Ⅰ期与Ⅱ期分别为清洁天的0.9倍和1.2倍。采样期间碳优势指数(CPI)值为1.2±0.1,植物蜡排放的正构烷烃对总正构烷烃的贡献率(%Wax Cn)为3.1%~36.0%,表明化石燃料燃烧是聊城市大气中正构烷烃的主要来源。聊城市冬季PM2.5中糖类化合物的总质量浓度为(415.5±213.8)ng?m-3,其中左旋葡聚糖的浓度最高,其次是半乳聚糖和甘露聚糖,三者共占总糖的91.6%,表明生物质燃烧源对聊城市大气气溶胶具有重要贡献。主成分分析(PCA)结果表明,聊城市冬季大气气溶胶中正构烷烃和糖类化合物主要来自化石燃料的燃烧和生物质燃烧。     

麦草及其烟尘中正构烷烃的组成

在明火和闷烧条件下对6种麦草进行焚烧试验,用GC/MS测定了秸秆和烟尘中正构烷烃的组成.结果表明,从麦秆和烟尘中检出的正构烷烃主要是C16~C33.麦秸中正构烷烃的总含量变化范围是19.6~62.3 mg·kg-1,平均值为36.0mg·kg-1.低碳数(碳数相似文献   

玉米秸秆烟尘中正构脂肪酸的分子与碳同位素组成

在模拟的明火燃烧和闷烧条件下对4种玉米秸秆进行了焚烧试验,用GC/MS和GC/C/IRMS分别测定烟尘中正构脂肪酸的分子与碳同位素组成.结果表明,在明火烟尘中正构脂肪酸由C7~C_(34)组成,其平均总含量为13 895.0 mg·kg-1.其低碳数(≤C_(16))与高碳数(C_(16))正构脂肪酸的含量比(L/H)平均值为1.1.C_(18)/C_(16)、C_(24)/C_(16)、C_(24)/C_(18)、C_(24)/(C_(22)+C_(26))(CAR)的平均值分别为0.33、0.17、0.50、1.2.正构脂肪酸单体表现出以C_(16)、C_(24)为主、次峰碳数的双峰式分布模式.其碳优势指数(CPI)的平均值为4.5.在闷烧烟尘中正构脂肪酸由C_6~C_(34)组成,其平均总含量为50 183.7 mg·kg-1.L/H、C_(18)/C_(16)、C_(24)/C_(16)、C_(24)/C_(18)、CAR的平均值分别为1.3、0.33、0.20、0.60、1.6.也具有与明火烟尘相同的分布模式.其CPI的平均值为6.1.明火烟尘中C_(14)~C_(26)单体的δ~(13)C平均值在-21.0‰~-24.8‰之间变化,总平均值为-23.5‰.该值与玉米秸秆中对应值之差(Δ~(13)C)达-0.7‰.闷烧烟尘中C_(14)~C_(26)单体δ~(13)C平均值的变化范围为-21.8‰~-25.4‰,总平均值为-23.3‰.其Δ~(13)C值达-0.5‰.与玉米秸秆相比,两种烟尘中正构脂肪酸的分子组成和碳同位素组成均发生了明显的改变.L/H、C_(24)/C_(16)、C_(24)/C_(18)、CAR、δ~(13)C等指标可用于识别大气气溶胶中玉米秸秆燃烧来源的正构脂肪酸.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.     

Simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate by zeolite synthesized from coal fly ash as influenced by acid treatment

Zeolite synthesized from fly ash （ZFA） without modification is not efficient for the purification of NH4＋ and phosphate at low concentrations that occur in real effluents, despite the high potential removal capacity. To develop an effective technique to enhance the removal efficiency of ammonium and phosphate at low concentrations, ZFA was modified with acid treatment and the simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate in a wide range of concentration was investigated. It was seen that when compared with untreated ZFA, only the treatment by 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4 significantly improved the removal efficiency of ammonium at low initial concentrations. The behavior was well explained by the pH effect. Treatment by more concentrated H2SO4 led to the deterioration of the ZFA structure and a decrease in the cation exchange capacity. Treatment by 0.01 mol/L H2SO4 improved the removal efficiency of phosphate by ZFA at all initial P concentrations, while the treatment by concentrated H2SO4 （≥0.9 mol/L） resulted in a limited maximum phosphate immobilization capacity （PIC）. It was concluded that through a previous mild acid treatment （e.g. 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4）, ZFA can be used in the simultaneous removal of NH4＋ and P at low concentrations simulating real effluent.