贵阳大气降水化学特征及来源分析

对贵阳地区2008年10月1日~2009年9月30日降水样品的pH值和主要阴阳离子组成的进行测定,并运用TrajStat软件模拟后向气团轨迹,分析了贵阳地区降水中离子来源以及影响离子浓度的因素.结果表明,2008~2009全年降水pH值加权平均值为4.23;SO42-是主要阴离子,加权平均值为265.63μeq/L,占总阴离子的69.29%.Ca2+和NH4+是主要的阳离子,加权平均值分别为182.90和112.79μeq/L,分别占总离子的47.10%和29.05%.并且NH4+、Ca2+与SO42-之间存在明显的相关性,说明贵阳大气中可能主要存着(NH4)2SO4、NH4HSO4、CaSO4等物质.总离子浓度季节差异性大,冬季高、夏季低,主要受到降水量、污染物来源等多方面的影响.海相和土壤富集系数表明,Ca2+、Mg2+、K+主要来自地壳源,而SO42-、NO3-主要来自人为源.贵阳后向轨迹表明春季气团轨迹较为杂乱,夏季气团主要来自沿海,秋冬季则主要受中国内陆的影响.     

沈阳市降水化学成分及来源分析

沈阳市2007年降水样品化学组分研究表明,该区降水pH值在4.89～8.02之间,雨量加权平均值为6.89,与杭州等南方地区相比,沈阳降水中离子浓度比较高,但降水的酸化程度和酸化频率却不高,表明沈阳市整体上降水没有呈现酸化,主要是碱性离子的中和作用.SO24-和Cl-是主要的阴离子,雨量加权平均值为330.00μeq·L-1和85.05μeq·L-1,分别占阴离子总量的60.32%和15.55%;Ca2+和NH4+是主要的阳离子,雨量加权平均值为291.17μeq·L-1和175.13μeq·L-1,分别占阳离子总量的49.51%和29.78%.季节变化特征研究表明离子浓度变化呈现秋冬高,春夏低的状态.NF计算结果表明NH4+和Ca2+具有较强的中和能力,而Mg2+和K+的中和能力比较小,相较于NH4+和Ca2+几乎可以忽略不计.利用富集系数法计算表明,SO24-和NO3-主要来源于人为输入,Cl-主要为海洋输入,NH4+和K+主要来源于土壤和人为活动的输入.     

沧州市大气降水化学特征分析

为了解沧州大气降水化学特征,于2009年4-11月采集了沧州大气降水样品,测定了pH值、电导率和主要离子(Na+、NH4+、K+、Mg2+、Ca2+、F-、Cl-、NO3-和SO42-)浓度。结果表明,观测期间降水pH值为4.18~7.30,降水量加权平均pH值为5.23,降水酸化频率为34%;电导率值为18.5~245.0μS/cm,降水量加权平均电导率值为39.2μS/cm;降水主要离子加权平均浓度为641.36μeq/L;降水中主要阳离子成分是NH4+和Ca2+,降水量加权平均浓度分别为191.06和96.81μeq/L,分别占到阳离子总量的53%和27%;阴离子主要成分是SO42-和NO3-,降水量加权平均浓度分别为175.05和58.19μeq/L,分别占到阳离子总量的63%和21%。降水中[SO42-]/[NO3-]值为3.01,仍属于硫酸型降水,但酸雨类型逐渐由硫酸型向硫酸-硝酸混合型过渡;[NH4+]/[Ca2+]值为1.97,NH4+对降水酸度的中和作用要大于Ca2+;NH4+、SO42-和NO3-等二次组分占到降水中主要离子总量的66%,表明二次污染比较严重。降水离子相关分析表明,SO42-、NO3-、Ca2+、NH4+的相关性较好,SO42-和NO3-的相关系数为0.732,NH4+与SO42-(R=0.540)、NO3-(R=0.628)的相关系数分别大于Ca2+与SO42-(R=0.532)、NO3-(R=0.410)相关系数。气流轨迹分析表明,研究区降水主要受到5类气团影响,不同气团影响下,降水pH值、电导率和离子组成存在差异。     

三峡水库库首地区大气降水化学特征

2009年6月~2010年7月对三峡水库库首地区大气降水的水化学特征进行了连续1年的研究.结果表明:三峡库首地区大气降水酸化严重,超过1/3的降水pH值低于4.5.SO42-和NO3-为降水中的最主要阴离子,雨量加权平均值分别为161.90,65.24μeq/L,二者分别占无机阴离子总量的66%、27%.Ca2+是最主要的阳离子,离子含量在8.89~932.90μeq/L之间,雨量加权平均浓度为108.34μeq/L,占无机阳离子总量的43%.季节变化分析表明,夏秋季节降水酸化严重,而冬春季节降水酸化不明显.不同季节相对酸度(FA)和中和因子(ＮＦ)分析表明,冬春季节的降水酸度主要受Ca2+离子的中和作用控制.主要离子来源分析表明,SO42-和NO3-主要来源于化石燃料燃烧,Na+、Cl-主要为海源输入的贡献,而Ca2+、Mg2+主要来源于陆壳颗粒物质.     

典型酸雨城市降水、降尘中阴阳离子分布特征及其相关性

对贵州省都匀市2013年3月—2014年2月降水和降尘样品的p H值及主要阴阳离子(NH+4、K+、Ca2+、Na+、Mg2+、F-、Cl-、NO-3、SO2-4)进行测定,分析其分布规律及相应离子之间的相关性.结果表明,降水和降尘水溶液p H的加权平均值分别是5.47、5.06.Ca2+、SO2-4是降水和降尘的主要离子,均值分别是141.29μeq·L-1、191.67μeq·L-1,52022.33 mg·kg-1、87590.52 mg·kg-1.降水和降尘中的总离子浓度、[SO2-4]/[NO-3]、[SO2-4+NO-3]/[Ca2++NH+4]以及NH+4、K+、Na+、F-、NO-3、SO2-4浓度在冬季达到最大,且其[SO2-4]/[NO-3]均都大于3,表明都匀市酸雨类型仍为燃煤型.从季节的变化上看,降水和降尘中的NH+4、K+、Na+、F-、SO2-4、Ca2+、Mg2+存在明显的相关性,相关系数|r|﹥0.70.降水和降尘中[SO2-4+NO-3]/[Ca2++NH+4]表现出相似的季节变化规律,[SO2-4+NO-3]/[Ca2++NH+4]与p H相关系数|r|﹥0.80,与降雨量、污染物来源、能源使用等有关.     

崇明东滩湿地降水化学特征及来源解析

2009年5月~2010年4月收集了崇明东滩湿地降水,测定了样品的pH值、电导率和主要水溶性离子的浓度,并利用富集因子法和后向轨迹分析对降水中无机离子成分进行源解析.结果表明,崇明东滩整体空气质量良好,大气污染物浓度较低.降水的pH值和电导率的加权均值分别为5.24,17.49μS/cm,为轻度污染的弱酸性水平;SO42?和NO3?是主要的致酸离子,加权浓度分别为52.27,21.39μeq/L;NH4+和Ca2+是主要的碱性离子,加权浓度分别为33.36,27.13μeq/L;离子来源分析表明,Na+和Cl?主要来自于海洋,NH4+的中和作用大于Ca2+和Mg2+,大气颗粒物主要以(NH4)2SO4、NH4HSO4、NH4NO3的形式存在;后向轨迹分析表明降水主要受海洋风向影响,西北、西南方向和长江三角洲地区的人为污染物的中长尺度传输是造成崇明东滩酸雨的重要原因.     

上海大气冷凝水化学特性分析

2011年3月8日至4月11日期间利用新研制的大气冷凝水采样器收集了上海大气冷凝水样品.从冷凝水的化学组成及常见大气湿沉降的比较、冷凝水离子间的相关性、冷凝水离子浓度随时间变化等方面,分析了上海大气冷凝水的化学特性.结果表明,上海大气冷凝水pH值介于6.1~7.2,加权均值为6.5,多呈弱酸性;NH4+和SO42-是含量最高的2种离子,浓度分别为139.7μeq/L和125.7μeq/L,SO42-是主要致酸离子;NO2-含量为9.9μeq/L,比NO3-(9.5μeq/L)略高,且所有冷凝水样品中NO2-检出率为100%;4种低分子量有机酸MSA-(6.0μeq/L)、CH3COO-(5.9μeq/L)、C2O42-(3.9μeq/L)和HCOO-(3.7μeq/L)占阴离子总量的8.5%,含量远高于上海雨水;Ca2+(19.2μeq/L,4.0%)、Mg2+(4.9μeq/L,1.0%)含量比同期雾水低2~3个数量级;冷凝水离子浓度随时间变化较大,这与光化学反应、春季逆温等有关.     

泰山降水化学及大气传输的研究

为了解泰山降水的化学组成特征及其来源,于2004年7月至12月间在泰山上采集了23场降水样品,进行了pH值、电导率的测定、主要水溶性阴阳离子的分析以及每场降水的后推气流轨迹分析.结果表明,降水pH的雨量加权均值为4.74,电导率的雨量加权均值为2.26mS·m-1,泰山降水已受到酸性污染;降水中浓度较高的阳离子是NH4 和Ca2 ,雨量加权均值浓度分别为50.62和29.04μeq·L-1,浓度较高的阴离子是SO42-和NO3-,雨量加权均值浓度分别为70.32和23.44μeq·L-1;SO42-/NO3-、NH4 /Ca2 当量浓度比的平均值依次为3.41、2.13.对降水的化学组成作了相关性分析,发现NH4 、Ca2 、SO42-、NO3-浓度之间具有很好的相关性;通过气流轨迹分析发现酸性最强的降水气团来自于我国的南部地区或沿途经过华东地区,离子浓度最高的降水气团来自于我国的北部地区或欧洲大陆,来自东亚地区的降水气团的离子浓度最低.     

中国南海大气降水化学特征

利用中国科学院南海海洋研究所"实验3"号船南海海洋断面科学考察2012年夏季航次进行大气降水采样,测定样品pH值和主要阴阳离子浓度,结合TrajStat软件模拟后向气团轨迹,分析南海夏季大气降水离子化学特征及来源.结果表明,夏季降水pH平均值为6.3,最小值为5.6.阴阳离子浓度顺序均分别表现为Cl->SO2-4>NO-3和Na+>Mg2+>Ca2+>K+,Cl-和Na+是主要的阴离子和阳离子,浓度平均值分别为2 637.5μeq·L-1和2 095.5μeq·L-1,表现出了海洋性大气降水的特征.7种离子间均表现出良好的线性相关关系,相关系数在0.9以上,说明它们可能具有统一来源;NO-3与其他离子的相关系数相对较低,可能NO-3具有相对复杂的来源;Ca2+和K+还可能跟南海珊瑚环境有关.本研究的6个站位后向轨迹显示,水汽气团来源于正南或西南方向,未经过大陆上空,因此本研究中南海夏季大气降水的离子来源受人为影响可以忽略.     

天津市大气降水化学组分变化趋势及来源研究

2001—2013年对天津市降水样品进行了采集,分析了p H、电导率(EC)、主要离子浓度(SO2-4、NO-3、Cl-、F-、NH+4、Ca2+、Mg2+、Na+、K+).结果表明:2001—2013年,降水的雨量加权平均p H、EC分别为5.48、87μS·cm-1.降雨的p H、EC及总离子当量浓度呈现上升趋势,酸雨频率呈现下降趋势.降水中各离子雨量加权平均当量浓度排列顺序为:SO2-4Ca2+NH+4NO-3Cl-Mg2+Na+F-K+,SO2-4、Ca2+、NH+4和NO-3是降水中的主要离子,占离子总量的84.8%.SO2-4雨量加权平均当量浓度表现为先轻微上升,后显著下降趋势.NO-3、Ca2+雨量加权平均当量浓度表现为明显上升趋势.NH+4雨量加权平均当量浓度显示为下降趋势.F-、Cl-、K+、Mg2+、Na+等雨量加权平均当量浓度变化趋势基本保持平稳.SO2-4对总阴离子的分担率、NH+4总阳离子的分担率均呈现下降趋势.NO-3对总阴离子的分担率、Ca2+对总阳离子的分担率均呈现明显上升趋势.[NO-3]/[SO2-4]、[Ca2+]/[NH+4]呈现出明显上升趋势.富集因子计算结果表明:Ca2+主要来自地壳.Mg2+和K+部分来自海源输入,但绝大部分来自地壳.大部分Cl-来自海源的输入,其余小部分来自地壳和人为排放.降水中SO2-4、NO-3主要来自人为活动.     

Self-Injection of a Dipteran Parasitoid into a Spider

 A host invasion strategy hitherto unknown from other insect parasitoids was observed in the dipteran Acrocera orbicula (Fabricius) (Diptera: Acroceridae) parasitizing the wolf spider, Pardosa prativaga (L. Koch) (Araneida: Lycosidae). In laboratory experiments the free-living first instar acrocerid larvae attached themselves firmly to the spiders' integument by the mouthparts, cutting a tiny hole through the integument. No first instar larvae invaded the host. A week later the parasitoids molted, and a small, flexible, and glabrous second instar larva left each of the attached first instar exuviae and invaded the host through the attachment hole of the first instar larva. The novel host invasion pattern observed may reduce physical damage to the host in the initial phase of endoparasitism, enhancing parasitoid survival. Received: 14 April 1999 / Accepted in revised form: 2 July 1999     

Attributes of a hopper-predator community in a rice field

A hopper-predator community in an experimental rice field was observed weekly with regard to information content (H′), formation of a geometric series or the grade of orderly distribution of component taxa (R²), and clumping index (I). These community attributes changed with time in close association with one another, and attained the highest values around the heading time of the rice. Significant correlations were found between the density of prey and that of predators when a certain time-lag was assumed for the increase of predators.     

Performance of a novel vertical-flow settler: a comparative study

By increasing particle concentration and G value （root-mean-square velocity gradient） to enhance flocculation, a novel vertical-flow settler was designed to increase sedimentation effectiveness, and to simultaneously improve operational stabilization. Due to the gradual decrease in upward flow-rate of raw water, a floes blanket would form and suspend in the middle section of the settler, not at the bottom as in a conventional clarifier. Enough large floes, resulted from flocculation or fltration, would continuously settle out of the floes blanket, and simultaneously, the floes in raw water or those forming above the blanket would ceaselessly enter the floes blanket. As a result, the floes concentration in the blanket could keep a dynamic balance. The hydrodynamic shear in the blanket was improved by flow separation, which was induced by the abrupt change in flow channel. Due to the floes blanket and improved hydrodynamic shear, flocculation would be enhanced, which was helpful for removing fine particles in raw water. A comparative study showed that the novel vertical-flow settler had a much better performance in the removal of the particles in raw water than a conventional one, when they treated kaolin suspensions of different concentrations （500, 100 and 50 mg/L, respectively） coagulated by polyaluminum chloride（PAC1） at the up-flow rates of 1 and 2 mm/s, respectively.     

Male-biased predation of a cave fish by a giant water bug

Male-biased predation has been described from several epigean species, and in many cases, intrinsic differences between the sexes (such as male ornaments) have been suggested as an explanation. Here we report on male-biased predation of a cave fish (Poecilia mexicana) by an aquatic insect (Belostoma sp.) in a Mexican sulfur cave. P. mexicana use aquatic surface respiration (ASR) to survive in their sulfidic, hypoxic habitat. We found that males typically exhibit more ASR activity than females, which leads to increased exposure to the sit-and-wait predator that catches fish near the water surface. Our finding is novel, because male vulnerability to predation is not directly related to male traits involved in courtship, but rather due to other sexual differences in behavior and ultimately, oxygen demands.     

Characteristics of the pollutant emissions in a tunnel of Shanghai on a weekday

Tunnel displays a typical semi-closed environment, and multitudes of the pollutants tend to accumulate. The samples of gaseous pollutants and particulate matter(PM) were collected from the Xiangyin tunnel at Shanghai to investigate the characteristics of the pollutant emissions. The results indicated that both gaseous pollutants and PM exhibited much higher concentrations during the rush hours in the morning and at night due to vehicle emission. Two peaks of the PM concentration were observed in the scope of 0.7‐1.1 and 3.3–4.7 μm, accounting for 14.6% and 20.3% of the total concentrations, respectively.Organic matter(OM), EC, and many water-soluble ions were markedly higher at the rush hours in the morning than those at night, implicating comprehensive effects of vehicle types and traffic volume. The particle number concentrations exhibited two peaks at Aitken mode(25 nm and 100 nm) and accumulation mode(600 nm), while the particle volume concentration displayed high values at the accumulation mode(100–500 nm) and coarse mode(2.5–4.0 μm). The peak around 100 nm was detected in the morning rush hours, but it diminished with the decrease of the traffic volume. Individual-particle analysis revealed that main particles in the tunnel were Fe-rich particles, K-rich particles, mineral particles,Ca–S rich particles and Al–Si particles. The particles collected at the rush hours displayed marked different morphologies, element concentrations and particle sizes compared to the ones collected at the non-rush period. The data presented herein could shed a light on the feature of vehicle emissions.     

混凝剂FAS的制备及性能研究

报道利用铜矿渣制取固体混凝剂ＦＡＳ。实验表明,该混凝剂具有优良的除蚀、除色、除ＣＯＤ、除硫性能,尤其对采用常规混凝剂难以除去的亲水性染料,ＦＡＳ有独特的去除效率。对各种模拟废水和实际废水,ＦＡＳ的脱色率为９５％,对ＣＯＤ的去除率则在９０％以上。本文还对ＦＡＳ的混凝脱色机理进行了初步的探讨。     

喷射火焰对容器的热辐射计算

液化气体容器在火灾环境下由于内部压力升高和容器本身强度的下降，爆炸的危险性极大。研究容器在喷射火焰作用的响应规律是预防事故发生的关键。本文研究了由于气体泄漏引起的喷射火焰在有风条件下的火焰形状和温度变化规律，以及对于水平圆柱形容器的热辐射影响，并用编制计算程序进行了数值计算。计算结果表明，容器表面的热辐射随风速、容器表面的位置等因素而变化。风速越大，容器表面的热辐射会减少；轴向距离越大，热辐射减少，周向角度增加，热辐射减少。