我国东部与云贵湖区富营养化控制标准对比研究

以我国东部湖区及云贵湖区主要湖泊2005~2008年的监测数据和国际公认的湖泊富营养化叶绿素a 含量分级为基础,通过频率统计方法,对叶绿素a、总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)、透明度(SD)和高锰酸盐指数(CODMn)进行了统计分析,并根据反退化原则,计算了两湖区湖泊富营养化控制指标的建议值.结果表明,东部湖区湖泊富营养化控制标准的建议值为TN:1.65mg/L,TP:0.100mg/L,SD:0.45m,CODMn:4.50mg/L;云贵湖区为TN:1.00 mg/L,TP:0.045 mg/L,SD:1.10m,CODMn:4.00mg/L.云贵高原湖区氮磷营养盐控制指标值绝对值低,相应控制标准比东部平原湖区严,主要原因是东部平原湖区受人类活动影响强烈,目前的水环境总体质量劣于云贵湖区.     

长江中下游湖泊水体氮磷比时空变化特征及其影响因素

为弄清长江中下游浅水湖泊水体氮磷比(TN/TP)对湖泊富营养化状况及水系连通性的指示意义,对该区域26个湖泊开展了春、夏两季的水质调查,比较了不同水文、水质状况湖泊之间TN/TP差异,探讨了影响湖泊TN/TP的主要因素.结果发现,长江中下游湖泊TN/TP存在较大的时空差异性,春季TN/TP平均值为21.52±14.28,过水性湖泊、深水湖泊以及富营养化湖泊3种类型水体中,富营养化湖泊的TN/TP较低,为14.38±7.40,深水湖泊的TN/TP最高,为40.97±33.37;夏季调查湖库的TN/TP平均值为21.73±23.78,其中深水湖泊的TN/TP仍为最高,达96.38±45.91,富营养化湖泊的TN/TP仍为最低,达10.91±4.44.春、夏相比,过水性湖泊和深水湖泊夏季的TN/TP显著上升,而富营养化湖泊却明显下降,且降幅随富营养化程度升高而加大.相关性分析发现,无论是春季还是夏季,湖泊TN/TP都与水体深度显著正相关.此外,湖泊富营养化程度越高,TN/TP与浮游植物生物量的关系就越弱,富营养化程度越低,TN/TP越高,磷对浮游植物生长的限制越明显.研究表明,长江中下游湖泊富营养化治理营养盐策略上,多数湖泊控磷更为重要,在一些富营养化较为严重的湖泊,局部疏浚、合理挖深、外源控制和调整渔业生产方式等是值得探索的修复途径.     

蚁群投影寻踪回归在湖泊水质富营养化评价中的应用

根据湖泊富营养化特性,选择总磷(TP)、总氮(TN)、耗氧量(CODMn)、透明度(SD)、生物量等5个评价指标作为评价因子,建立湖泊富营养化评价的投影寻踪分析模型,采用蚁群算法对评价模型进行优化,并将该模型应用于我国8个湖泊富营养化程度的评价。研究表明:投影寻踪回归分析法,避免了传统评价方法由于主观原因造成的误差,评价结果合理可信、方法简单,为湖泊水体营养化状态的评价提供了新途径。     

湖泊水环境承载力模型研究

根据湖泊水环境承载力的概念定义和特性分析,以短板理论作为支撑,根据湖泊富营养化评价标准及富营养化程度构建了湖泊水环境承载力分级标准,在湖泊富营养化评价指标叶绿素α(Chla)、总磷(TP)、总氮(TN)、高猛酸盐指数(CODMn)、透明度(SD)中找出湖泊水环境承载力的制约指标作为短板,计算制约指标的压力承载度,分析湖泊水环境承载力状态的概率水平.模型应用在国内24个主要湖泊,得出大部分湖泊的水环境承载力处于危机状态的结论.该模型对于湖泊水环境承载力的研究具有一定的应用和参考价值.     

南太湖地区小型浅水湖泊自净能力季节变化研究

以南太湖地区小型浅水湖泊为对象,研究了湖泊水体自净能力季节变化的特征.结果表明,湖泊对高锰酸盐指数、总氮(TN)、铵态氮(NH4+-N)、硝态氮(NO3--N)、总磷(TP)、叶绿素a(Chl-a)的净化能力季节性差异较大.各水质指标春季和冬季自净效果较好,夏季自净效果较差的是NH4+-N和NO3--N,秋季是TP和Chl-a.湖泊四季水体有机污染较轻,TN、TP污染严重.TN、TP浓度条件适宜藻类生长,水体容易发生富营养化,磷为限制性因子.Chl-a浓度显示湖泊在夏秋两季处于富营养化水平,冬春两季转变为中营养水平.浮游植物的生长与暴发对水质有较大影响,并影响到湖泊的自净能力.影响水体pH值和溶解氧(DO)浓度的主要因素是水生植物的种类和数量,农田肥料流失和农村生活污水排放是造成水体中氮磷含量过高的主要原因.过量使用有机肥使得夏季湖泊水体中有机氮占TN的主要部分,其他季节NO3--N占TN的主要部分.主成分分析结果表明,影响南太湖地区小型浅水湖泊自净能力的3个主成分分别为浮游植物因子(水温、pH、高锰酸盐指数和Chl-a)、农田排水因子(pH、DO和TN)和营养因子(TN和TP).聚类分析结果表明,3个湖泊11个采样点4个季节的水质可聚为两大类,春秋冬季为一类,夏季为一类,这一结果是受温度变化及农田排水所致.利用水温和pH拟合出用于计算湖泊水体中的高锰酸盐指数、TN、TP、Chl-a的线性方程,提高了现场快速预测能力.     

基于熵权法的富营养化二级模糊综合评价模型:以江苏九里湖国家湿地公园为例

针对江苏九里湖塌陷湿地公园水体富营养化评价问题,于2018年春、夏、秋、冬4个季节对江苏九里湖塌陷公园内10个水质监测点进行水质监测,并选取TP、TN、COD_Mn、Chl.a、SD 5项水质指标,采用基于"压力-响应"思想构建二级模糊综合评价模型,结合熵权法对九里湖水质富营养化程度进行评价。评价结果表明,该评价模型具有合理性和客观性,江苏九里湖国家湿地公园水体富营养状态与季节变化相关性较强,各监测点富营养化等级处于中富营养与富营养级别。     

湖泊理论藻源内负荷估算方法研究

在模拟不同温度和营养条件下,采用水质指标COD_(Cr)、COD_(Mn)、TP、TN表征湖泊典型藻类藻源内负荷、胞外负荷、胞内负荷,形成理论藻源内负荷理论估算的方法体系.5种藻源TP负荷A_(TP)均值随贫、中和富营养水平升高而升高,藻源TN负荷A_(TN)为负值,藻源COD_(Cr)负荷A_(CODCr)随营养水平升高而显著升高.藻源胞外TP负荷E_(TP)、TN负荷E_(TN)、COD_(Cr)负荷E_(CODCr)、COD_(Mn)负荷E_(CODMn)均随营养水平升高而降低,藻源胞内TP负荷B_(TP)、TN负荷B_(TN)、COD_(Cr)负荷B_(CODCr)和COD_(Mn)负荷B_(CODMn)总体随随营养水平升高而升高.根据藻源内负荷与藻密度显著相关关系,确定了藻源内负荷计算模型.藻源TP和COD在稳定期对水质的贡献均较大,为0.2-3.7倍,藻源TN内负荷对水质的贡献为负,减少的比例在26%-58%之间.本研究表明,藻类在增殖过程中产生了超出系统物质总量的"额外"负荷,这些藻源内负荷是引起水质指标,特别是COD异常升高的重要原因.该估算方法为富营养化湖泊水华的定量削减控制提供科学依据.     

引江济太前后太湖水质变化研究

根据1998年-2003年每月对太湖9个区域的水质监测数据以及水质和富营养化评价结果表明,20世纪90年代中期开始的各项太湖水环境治理工程明显地改善了TP、TN、CODMn等主要污染指标,但,IP还是超过地面水环境3类标准,TN、CODMn单项指标指示水体为中一富营养化状态。引江济太对太湖局部水域（主要是贡湖）有一定的改善作用,水质由4类水体上升至3类水体,并对富营养化状态也有一定的改善作用。研究表明,治理同时引入清水,流域水生态系统才能最终得到恢复。     

马踏湖富营养化年度变化分析及对策

选取总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)、高锰酸盐指数(CODMn)、透明度(SD)和叶绿素a五项,利用综合营养状态指数法评价马踏湖富营养化程度,并选取总氮、氨氮、化学需氧量、五日生化需氧量、高锰酸盐指数等主要指标年均值的比值作图分析,得出马踏湖污染状况。在此基础上分析马踏湖水体富营养化原因,并提出降低马踏湖富营养化现象的措施、对策。     

基于GA-BP模型的景观小水体富营养化评价方法

为了研究适用于景观小水体富营养化评价的方法,以上海市10个公园景观水体为实验对象,在初步了解了景观小水体水质和营养状况的基础上运用主成份分析法对各项水质指标进行评价因子筛选,并对筛选出来的因子建立富营养化评价等级.运用MATLAB软件的GA-BP算法建立评价模型对10个公园4个季度共40组数据进行评价,结果显示与营养度指数法结果总体一致.选用的Chla, TP, TN, CODMn, SD五个评价因子的数据都比较易得,模型可推广性强.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Evaluation of phytoextracting cadmium and lead by sunflower, ricinus, alfalfa and mustard in hydroponic culture

Soil contaminated with heavy metals cadmium(Cd)and lead(Pb)is hard to be remediated.Phytoremediation may be a feasible method to remove toxic metals from soil,but there are few suitable plants which can hyperaccumulate metals.In this study,Cd and Pb accumulation by four plants including sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.),mustard(Brassica juncea L.),alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.), ricinus(Ricinus communis L.)in hydroponic cultures was compared.Results showed that these plants could phytocxtract heavy metals, the ability of accumulation differed with species,concentrations and categories of heavy metals.Values of BCF(bioconcentration factor)and TF(translocation factor)indicated that four species had dissimilar abilities of phytoextraction and transportation of heavy metals.Changes on the biomass of plants,pH and Eh at different treatments revealed that these four plants had distinct responses to Cd and Pb in cultures.Measurements should be taken to improve the phytoremediation of sites contaminated with heavy metals,such as pH and Eh regulations,and so forth.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.