新乡市大气PM2.5载带金属元素季节分布、来源特征与健康风险

为探究典型工业城市大气PM_2.5载带重金属的季节分布、来源及健康风险,于2019~2020年分季节采集PM_2.5有效样品112个,利用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法（ICP-AES）测定了19种元素含量.结果表明,PM_2.5及其载带重金属元素的年均浓度分别为（66.25±35.73）μg·m^-3和（1.32±0.84）μg·m^-3.PM_2.5及其元素组分夏季浓度最低,Al、Ca、Fe、Mg和Ti等元素春季浓度最高,其它元素则是冬季浓度最高.利用PMF-PSCF模型共解析出5类排放源,分别为Ni和Co相关排放源（5.8%）、机动车源（13.7%）、Cd相关排放源（5.1%）、燃烧源（18.2%）和扬尘源（57.3%）.风险评价结果表明,每一类排放源的危害指数（HI）值均小于1,不存在明显的非致癌风险;致癌风险均处于10^-6~10^-4范围内,具有一定的致癌风险.与其它排放源相比,燃烧源的致癌风险（8.74×10^-6,36.9%）和非致癌风险（0.60,25.6%）最大,建议优先对燃烧源进行治理以降低区域人群暴露风险.     

春季南海东沙岛硝酸盐干沉降通量、形成机制及其来源

硝酸盐是大气中主要的酸性离子,也是大气活性氮沉降主要的组成部分。中国目前对大气硝酸盐形成机制及其来源的研究主要集中在陆地区域,对海洋气溶胶的硝酸盐的形成机制及其来源的研究较少。本研究于2013年春季（3—5月）,在中国南海东沙岛共计采集了86个总悬浮颗粒（TSP）气溶胶样本,分析了TSP样品中NO₃⁻浓度、δ¹⁵N-NO₃⁻和δ¹⁸O-NO₃⁻值。结果表明：东沙岛春季TSP中浓度呈现逐月下降的趋势。基于浓度估算东沙岛春季NO₃⁻-N干沉降通量范围为(1.0±0.5)—(3.4±1.7) mg·d⁻¹·m⁻²（以N计,余同）。δ¹⁸O-NO₃⁻值在3月和4月（76.1‰±3.8‰和79.1‰±5.6‰）明显高于5月（67.0‰±7.5‰）,表明东沙岛3月和4月硝酸盐的形成路径不同于5月。贝叶斯同位素混合模型计算结果显示：N₂O₅参与的路径（N₂O₅+H₂O/Cl⁻和NO₃+VOCs）在3月和4月生成了37.2%和43.3%的硝酸盐,5月NO₂+OH路径是硝酸盐的主要形成路径,形成了80.2%的硝酸盐。δ¹⁵N-NO₃⁻值和气团后向轨迹表明,东沙岛春季不同月份TSP中NO₃⁻的来源不同,3月和4月以陆地源为主,5月主要受海洋源影响。     

北京大气PM2.5载带金属浓度、来源及健康风险的城郊差异

为探究北京地区大气PM_2.5载带金属在城区和郊区污染特征、来源及其健康风险的差异,于2017年6~11月采集海淀和大兴两地的PM_2.5日样本,分析PM_2.5及其载带的13种金属浓度.利用PMF源解析方法对13种金属元素来源进行分析,并采用健康风险评价方法对其中9种金属的健康危害进行评估.结果表明,城区PM_2.5及Cr、Co、Mn和Ni等10种金属浓度与郊区均有显著差异（P<0.05）.源解析结果发现,城区和郊区均可解释为4个源,但来源略有不同,占比亦有差异.城区的为机动车源（51.2%）、燃煤来源（19.1%）、扬尘来源（19.3%）和燃油来源（10.4%）;郊区的为机动车源（47.9%）、燃煤来源（22.6%）、扬尘来源（20.2%）和电镀来源（9.3%）.健康风险评价结果表明,城郊各金属HQ值均小于1,均不存在非致癌风险.城区中Ni和Pb,郊区中Cd、Co、Ni和Pb可忽略致癌风险,而城区的As（2.77×10^-5）、Cd（2×10^-6）、Co（1.76×10^-6）和Cr（Ⅵ）（7.88×10^-6）,郊区的As（8.34×10^-6）和Cr（Ⅵ）（4.94×10^-6）的R值介于10^-6与10^-4之间,具有一定的致癌风险.     

应用大气化学模型解析华北地区大气氮沉降时空分布特征及影响因素

本研究基于大气化学传输模型模拟结果,分析了2005—2015年华北地区大气氮沉降的时空分布特征,通过对2005年和2015年的结果进行模型敏感性实验,定量分析了全国和华北本地的人为源排放以及气象场对华北地区氮沉降年际变化的贡献。结果表明：（1）2005—2015年华北地区氮沉降年均量为28.7 kg·hm⁻²·a⁻¹（以N计,余同）,其中18.7 kg·hm⁻²·a⁻¹来自还原态氮（NH_x）,10.0 kg·hm⁻²·a⁻¹来自氧化态氮（NO_y）。湿沉降占比为56%（16.1 kg·hm⁻²·a⁻¹）,略高于干沉降（12.6 kg·hm⁻²·a⁻¹）。氮沉降的高值主要集中在华北的东南地区,低值集中在华北的西北地区,整体呈夏季高冬季低的季节特征。（2）2005—2015年,华北地区氮沉降整体呈先增加后减少的趋势,波动范围在27.4—30.4 kg·hm⁻²·a⁻¹。相较2005年,2015年氧化氮沉降增加了2.2 kg·hm⁻²·a⁻¹,而还原氮沉降减少了1.9 kg·hm⁻²·a⁻¹。其中氮氧化物（NO_x）和氨气NH₃）人为源排放的变化分别导致了1.0 kg·hm⁻²·a⁻¹氧化氮沉降的增加和2.5 kg·hm⁻²·a⁻¹还原氮沉降的减少,分别占全国人为源排放贡献的89%和53%,这说明区域传输对于2005—2015年还原氮沉降变化的影响较大。（3）华北地区干沉降的年际变化主要取决于前体物排放的变化,而湿沉降不仅受前体排放的影响,也受到降水等气象场的驱动。     

鄂尔多斯市夏秋季气溶胶新粒子生成过程影响因素分析

利用宽范围粒径谱仪于2019年8月16至10月4日在鄂尔多斯市观测了10 nm~10 μm气溶胶粒径分布,结合PM（PM_2.5和PM₁₀）、污染气体、气象数据和HYSPLIT模式,分析了新粒子生成（NPF）特征及其主要影响因素.结果表明,观测期间一共出现19次NPF过程,占总观测期间的37.5%.NPF过程中对不同模态气溶胶数浓度日变化的影响不同.NPF使得核模态和爱根核模态气溶胶数浓度急剧增加,但是对积聚模态和粗模态气溶胶数浓度的影响较小.NPF发生时往往温度较高,风速较大,总辐照度较高,RH较低.NPF天PM_2.5、PM₁₀、CO和NO₂的浓度较低,O₃和SO₂浓度较高.40.0%的偏北气团和29.6%的偏南气团可观测到NPF过程.不同气团类型NPF过程中气象要素存在显著差异.南部气团类型NPF过程中风速最小,平均为（2.4±1.5）m·s^-1;RH最高,平均为（48.8±10.8）%;北部气团类型NPF过程中风速最大,平均为（4.2±1.9）m·s^-1;总辐照度最高,平均为（664.5±255.6）W·m^-2;西部气团类型NPF过程中RH最低,平均为（29.8±12.7）%.不同气团类型NPF过程中新粒子的生成速率相差不大,为1.5~1.8cm^-3·s^-1.南部气团类型NPF过程中增长速率最大,为（12.7±13.6）nm·h^-1,是北部气团类型和西部气团类型的1.2倍和1.4倍.     

2017~2018年冬季菏泽大气PM2.5中金属元素特征及健康风险评估

于山东省菏泽市采集了2017年10月15日至2018年1月31日期间菏泽学院、华润制药和污水处理厂共3个采样点的大气PM_2.5样品,利用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪（ICP-MS）测定PM_2.5中21种金属元素的浓度,并讨论元素富集程度、评估重金属的健康风险和潜在生态风险.结果表明,采样期间3个采样点中ρ（PM_2.5）范围为26.7~284.1 μg·m^-3且浓度值差别不大,均处于较高污染水平;3个采样点金属元素中K浓度最高,分别占总量的31.03%、39.47%和38.43%,主要由于菏泽作为较大农业城市,其秋冬季生物质燃烧贡献率较高;3个采样点微量元素中ρ（Zn）最高,分别为89.70、84.21和67.68 ng·m^-3.富集因子结果表明,Zn、Pb、Sn、Sb、Cd和Se的富集因子值均高于100,其中Cd和Se的富集因子分别高于2 000和4 000,受人为活动影响显著,可能与工业生产、金属冶炼、道路源和燃煤排放等有关.健康风险结果表明,As存在一定的潜在非致癌风险（儿童和成人HQ>0.1）,3个采样点对儿童和成人均存在综合潜在非致癌风险（HI>0.1）和一定的潜在致癌风险（CRT>1×10^-6）,其中污水处理厂对成人的致癌风险较为显著（CRT>1×10^-4）,成人的致癌风险略高于儿童可能与成人室外活动时间较长和PM_2.5暴露量更高有关.潜在生态风险值最高的元素为Cd、As和Pb,其中Cd表现为极高的潜在生态风险,应引起重视;3个采样点均呈现出极高的综合潜在生态风险,强度在空间上表现为：菏泽学院>华润制药>污水处理厂.     

PM2.5化学组分连续观测在污染事件源解析中的应用

为探索PM_2.5组分高时间分辨观测数据在污染事件源解析中的应用,于2017年1~12月对南京市环境空气中PM_2.5组分进行连续观测.分别利用重金属自动分析仪、离子在线分析仪和半连续OC/EC分析仪测定PM_2.5中元素、水溶性离子和碳质组分的小时浓度.选取其中15种元素与5种丰量组分,分别基于3次污染事件（春节期间烟花爆竹燃放、春季沙尘暴和冬季灰霾）和全年的观测结果采用正矩阵因子分析（positive matrix factorization,PMF）模型进行源解析,并比较不同输入数据条件下（PMF_{烟花-沙尘-灰霾}和PMF_全年）的源贡献分布及特征组分平均浓度的估算情况.结果表明,基于不同观测数据的源解析结果在PMF因子类型、组成及贡献分布上均存在较大差异.例如,基于全年观测数据（PMF_全年）的源解析结果中烟花爆竹燃放的平均贡献仅为1.50%,远低于PMF_烟花结果中对应的源贡献（5.24%）;扬尘源的平均相对贡献在PMF_沙尘结果中为8.51%,比PMF_全年结果中扬尘源的贡献（4.45%）高近1倍.主要归结于PMF模型假设来源构成不发生变化,基于长期观测数据的源解析结果易受到排放源变化的影响.另外,烟花爆竹燃放期间,特征组分K的PMF_烟花估算结果[（1.32±1.17）μg·m^-3,P=0.64]较PMF_全年[（1.16±1.19）μg·m^-3,P=0.0090]更接近其观测平均值[（1.36±1.19）μg·m^-3].春季沙尘暴期间,特征组分Fe、Si和Ti的PMF_全年估算结果[（0.061±0.042）~（1.06±0.65）μg·m^-3]均显著低于观测平均值（P<0.05）,而它们的PMF_沙尘估算值在峰值区域同观测值高度一致.冬季灰霾污染期间,PM_2.5各丰量组分PMF_全年和PMF_灰霾估算值同观测值的吻合程度均很高（r>0.99）.因此,基于污染事件期间的连续观测结果进行PMF源解析能较准确地反映特征组分及相关排放源的短期变化,有利于提高污染溯源的时效性.     

郑州市PM2.5化学组分的季节变化特征及来源解析

为了解析郑州市PM_2.5的污染特征和来源,同时为了研究不同季节以及市区和市郊之间的差异,本研究于2018年四季在郑州市环境保护监测中心站（市区）和郑州大学（市郊）点位共计采集环境PM_2.5有效样品1284个.通过离子色谱仪、碳分析仪和X射线荧光光谱仪分别测试得到9种无机水溶性离子、两种碳组分和27种元素浓度,分析了郑州市城郊PM_2.5中化学组分的季节变化特征,使用富集因子法、地累积指数法、化学质量平衡模型、后向轨迹法和潜在源贡献因子法,研究了郑州市城郊不同季节PM_2.5的来源差异.结果表明,市区和市郊点位年平均PM_2.5浓度达到（59.7±24.0）μg ·m^-3和（74.7±13.5）μg ·m^-3,郊区点位（除冬季外）季节平均浓度均高于市区点位,季节均值呈现冬季 > 秋季 > 春季 > 夏季的变化.市郊春季受地壳物质的影响较大,夏秋两季全部组分浓度均高于市区;冬季市区受燃煤源和机动车源影响更大.Cu、As、Zn、Pb和Sb受到人为源的影响强烈,市区富集程度更大,Zn、Cu、As和Pb存在一定的潜在生态风险.源解析结果显示,两点位春夏秋冬四季均分别受到扬尘源、二次硫酸盐、二次硝酸盐和燃煤源的较大影响,此外,市区四季受二次污染源和机动车源的影响较大,而市郊秋冬季受生物质源影响较大.来自山东的气团、西北方向的气团（除夏季外）、南方气团（除冬季外）对郑州市PM_2.5的污染水平影响较大,其潜在来源区域主要为省内及与邻省的交界处.     

西安市采暖季过渡期高时间分辨率细颗粒物组分特征及来源解析

受到供暖影响,北方城市秋冬季的大气细颗粒物（PM_2.5）浓度升高,空气污染加剧.利用气溶胶化学组分监测仪、七波段黑碳仪以及大气多金属元素在线监测仪于2019年10月25日至11月17日在西安市开展高时间分辨率PM_2.5化学组分在线监测,分析采暖季过渡期PM_2.5污染特征,同时结合正定矩阵因子分解模型解析PM_2.5来源.结果表明,观测期间ρ（PM_2.5）平均值为（78.3 ± 38.5）μg·m^-3,主要化学组分为有机物（OA）、二次无机离子（SIA）和粉尘,其占比分别为38.7%、31.6%和21.2%,其中ρ（SO₄^2-）、ρ（NO₃^-）和ρ（NH₄⁺）平均值分别为（4.0 ± 3.1）、（14.9 ± 13.7）和（5.8 ± 4.8）μg·m^-3,主要金属ρ（K）、ρ（Ca）和ρ（Fe）平均值分别为（1.0 ± 0.4）、（1.5 ± 1.1）和（1.4 ± 0.9）μg·m^-3,BC（贡献率为5.7%）、Cl^-（贡献率为1.3%）及微量元素（贡献率为1.5%）对PM_2.5的贡献率相对较低.在污染发展和维持阶段,OA和SIA浓度的增加幅度可达137.7%~537.0%,在污染消散阶段则仅有粉尘浓度呈增长之势.来源解析结果显示二次源、生物质燃烧源、扬尘源、机动车源、工业源和燃煤源是观测期间PM_2.5的主要来源,分别贡献了29.1%、21.1%、15.3%、12.9%、11.4%和10.2%,其中二次源和生物质燃烧源在污染发展和维持阶段贡献率较高,扬尘源在污染消散阶段贡献率较高.     

株洲城郊农田土壤重金属污染特征与Pb同位素示踪

通过采集湖南株洲城郊农田区表层土壤（A层）,并分析其Cd、Hg、Pb、Zn等重金属元素含量,研究了土壤中重金属元素的污染特征.为示踪这些金属元素的来源,选择农田区典型土壤样品及湘江沉积物、污染源区土壤样品,进行重金属元素含量和Pb同位素组成测定.结果表明,农田区A层土壤受到不同程度的重金属污染,其中,Cd、Hg、Pb、Zn含量最高,分别为21.71、24.52、261.49、577.94 mg·kg^-1,且Cd、Pb、Zn元素之间显著相关,而研究区附近湘江水体和沉积物中这些元素含量没有增高,说明这些重金属不是来自湘江,而是可能主要来自冶炼厂;铅同位素显示,冶炼厂附近A层土壤²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁷Pb值（1.150~1.164）低于周边区域A层土壤（1.164~1.169）,²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁶Pb值（2.108~2.122）高于周边地区（2.106~2.119）,说明受到人为污染的影响.从污染区分布空间位置和铅同位素源解析的结果看,农田区土壤中Cd、Hg、Pb、Zn等重金属的主要污染源是冶炼厂的冶炼烟气粉尘及与农耕活动有关的其他人为污染.     

Evaluation of phytoextracting cadmium and lead by sunflower, ricinus, alfalfa and mustard in hydroponic culture

Soil contaminated with heavy metals cadmium(Cd)and lead(Pb)is hard to be remediated.Phytoremediation may be a feasible method to remove toxic metals from soil,but there are few suitable plants which can hyperaccumulate metals.In this study,Cd and Pb accumulation by four plants including sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.),mustard(Brassica juncea L.),alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.), ricinus(Ricinus communis L.)in hydroponic cultures was compared.Results showed that these plants could phytocxtract heavy metals, the ability of accumulation differed with species,concentrations and categories of heavy metals.Values of BCF(bioconcentration factor)and TF(translocation factor)indicated that four species had dissimilar abilities of phytoextraction and transportation of heavy metals.Changes on the biomass of plants,pH and Eh at different treatments revealed that these four plants had distinct responses to Cd and Pb in cultures.Measurements should be taken to improve the phytoremediation of sites contaminated with heavy metals,such as pH and Eh regulations,and so forth.     

Oxidation of As(Ⅲ) by potassium permanganate

The oxidation of As(Ⅲ) with potassium permanganate was studied under conditions including pH, initial As(Ⅲ) concentration and dosage of Mn(Ⅶ). The results have shown that potassium permanganate was an effective agent for oxidizing of As(Ⅲ) in a wide pH range. The pH value of tested water was not a significant factor affecting the oxidation of As(Ⅲ) by Mn(Ⅶ). Although theoretical redox analyses suggest that Mn(Ⅶ) should have better performance in oxidization of As(Ⅲ) within lower pH ranges, the experimental results show that the oxidation efficiencies of As(Ⅲ) under basic and acidic conditions were similar, which may be due to the adsorption of As(Ⅲ) on the Mn(OH)2 and MnO2 resulting from the oxidation of As(Ⅲ).     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Chlorobenzenes in waterweeds from the Xijiang River （Guangdong section） of the Pearl River

The Xijiang River is the major source of water for about 4.5 millions of urban population and 28.7 millions of rural population. The water quality is very important for the health of the rural population. The concentration and distribution of chlorobenzenes (CBs) in both water and waterweeds collected from 4 stations in the Xijiang River (Gangdong section) of the Pearl River in April and November were determined. The result showed that nearly every congener of CBs was detected. The total contents of CBs (∑CBs) in the river water ranged from 111.1 to 360.0 ng/L in April and from 151.9 to 481.7 ng/L in November, respectively. The pollution level of CBs in the water in April was higher than that in November. The contents of ∑ CBs in waterweeds ranged from 13.53×102 μg/g to 38.27×102μg/g dry weight (dw). There was no significant difference between April and November in waterweeds. The distribution of CBs in roots, caulis, and leaves of Vallisneria spiralis L. showed different patterns. The leaves mainly contained low-molecular-weight CBs(DCBs), whereas the roots accumulated more PCBs and HCBs. The average lgBCFlip (bioconcentration factor) of CBs ranged from 0.64 to 3.57 in the waterweeds. The spatial distribution character of CBs in the Xijiang River was: Fengkai County ＜ Yunan County ＜Yun'an County ＜ Gaoyao County according to the ∑CBs, and the pollution deteriorated from the upstream to the downstream of the Xijiang River. Further analysis demonstrated that the discharge of waste containing CBs may be the main source of CBs pollution in the Xijiang River.     

Degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol with a novel TiO2/Ti-Fe-graphite felt photoelectrocatalytic oxidation process

Degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol(2,4-DCP)was studied in a novel three-electrode photoelectrocatalytic(PEC)integrative oxidation process,and the factors influencing the degradation rate,such as applied current,flow speed of O_2,pH,adscititious voltage and initial 2,4-DCP concentration were investigated and optimized.H_2O_2 was produced nearby cathode and Fe~(2 )continuously generated from Fe anode in solution when current and O_2 were applied,so,main reactions,H_2O_2-assisted TiO_2 PEC oxidation and E-Fenton reaction,occurred during degradation of 2,4-DCP in this integrative system.The degradation ratio of 2,4-DCP was 93% in this integrative oxidation process,while it was only 31% in E-Fenton process and 46% in H_2O_2-assisted TiO_2 PEC process.So,it revealed that the degradation of 2,4-DCP was improved greatly by photoelectrical cooperation effect.By the investigation of pH,it showed that this integrative process could work well in a wide pH range from pH 3 to pH 9.     

Effect of copper on the degradation of pesticides cypermethrin and cyhalothrin

The influence of coexisting copper (Cu) ion on the degradation of pesticides pyrethroid cypermethrin and cyhalothrin in soil and photodegradation in water system were studied.Serial concentrations of the pesticides with the addition of copper ion were spiked in the soil and incubated for a regular period of time,the analysis of the extracts from the soil was carried out using gas chromatography (GC).The photodegradation of pyrethroids in water system was conducted under UV irradiation.The effect of Cu~(2 ) on the pesticides degradation was measured with half life (t_(0.5)) of degradation.It was found that a negative correlation between the degradation of the pyrethroid pesticides in soil and Cu addition was observed.But Cu~(2 ) could accelerate photodegradation of the pyrethroids in water.The t_(0.5) for cyhalothrin extended from 6.7 to 6.8 d while for cypermethrin extended from 8.1 to 10.9 d with the presence of copper ion in soil.As for photodegradation,t_(0.5) for cyhalothrin reduced from 173.3 to 115.5 rain and for cypermethrin from 115.5 to 99.0 min.The results suggested that copper influenced the degradation of the pesticides in soil by affecting the activity of microorganisms.However, it had catalyst tendency for photodegradation in water system.The difference for the degradation efficiency of pyrethroid isomers in soil was also observed.Copper could obviously accelerate the degradation of some special isomers.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.