“十二五”大气污染防治成效及对策建议

"十二五"期间我国城市空气质量明显好转,大气主要污染物总量控制取得积极进展。但当前大气环境形势仍十分严峻,传统煤烟型污染尚未解决,以颗粒物、臭氧引发的区域性复合污染日益严重。结合当前环境管理需求,从城市空气质量达标、重污染天气应对、严格控制燃煤污染、控制挥发性有机物排放、强化区域联防联控等方面提出大气污染防治建议。     

欧洲的大气颗粒物监测及标准

大气环境污染问题最先出现在欧洲.早在17世纪中期,英国人约翰·伊布林就在其著作《驱逐烟气》中描述了城市空气污染.此后几个世纪,陆续有一些作家和科学家对欧洲城市空气中的污染现象进行了形象的描写和阐述,并逐渐引起了人们对空气质量问题的关注.随着欧洲国家针对大气污染特征、成因、控制的持续深入,系统的大气环境污染控制管理体系逐渐形成,其中大气环境监测及环境空气质量标准的发展成为促进城市和区域大气环境质量改善的关键驱动力之一.     

城市尺度空气质量及总量控制模型研究进展

空气质量模型是大气污染物总量控制及反应机理分析的一种重要工具。通过研究简述了空气质量模型在大气污染物总量控制中的作用,并且重点总结了国内外城市尺度空气质量模型(GIS、AERMOD、CALPUFF、NJU-CAQPS及Model3-CMAQ)的基本原理及应用特征。通过对大气总量控制模型的研究讨论了区域大气总量的控制方法,分别对大气总量预算中的测算方法进行研究,并展望了空气质量模型和大气总量控制模型的发展趋势。     

长江三角洲地区对流层臭氧的数值模拟研究

将NCAR的中尺度天气预报模式MM5和作者开发的化学模式相耦合,建立了一个中尺度区域空气质量模式.利用该模式选取了2个典型个例研究了长江三角洲地区的区域臭氧化学问题.本研究的目的是利用模式再现并描述长江三角洲地区的大气物理化学过程,结合地面观测资料进一步定量分析控制该地区臭氧浓度的物理和化学因子.通过个例模拟和分析表明,模式基本反应了长江三角洲地区的大气物理化学过程,进一步的因子分析解释了模拟区域内1999 06 18(个例2)臭氧浓度普遍比1999 08 07(个例1)的臭氧浓度高的原因.模拟结果表明天气条件决定的大气动力过程对区域空气质量起着至关重要的作用,这也是个例2区域臭氧浓度普遍偏高的最主要因素之一.分析表明,物理因子(平流输送,垂直湍流输送)的作用和化学因子的作用同样重要.同时还做了模式参数的敏感性实验研究,并对中尺度云雨化学模拟及其对臭氧化学的影响做了初步研究.     

城市大气环境质量达标判定技术方法研究

"十三五"时期是落实《大气污染防治法》关于城市大气环境质量限期达标要求的关键期,因此城市大气环境质量达标判定技术方法是需要突破的关键问题,本文在对比我国现行两种城市大气环境质量评价技术方法的基础上,借鉴欧美对城市空气质量达标评价经验,提出了城市大气环境质量达标的定义及判定技术方法。     

大气污染排放格局优化方法及案例

目前改善空气质量的方法包括末端治理、产业结构调整、能源结构调整以及交通结构调整等,鲜见大气排放空间格局优化的方法.因此,本研究团队基于自然环境、人体健康、污染物传输能力和气象扩散条件等多种因素,使用阈值、自然间断点分级和空间擦除等方法划定大气环境布局适宜区;并据此优化调整大气排放格局,实现空气质量改善;再以广东省为例,校验空气质量改善效益以及探讨大气环境分区对排放格局优化的引导应用.结果表明,广东省环境空气质量一类区面积占全省9%;人口密集区占3%;国控站点敏感区占15%;污染物积聚区占22%;大气环境布局适宜区占60%,主要分布在粤西.通过推动广东省非火电工业源移入大气环境布局适宜区,可以使全省PM_2.5平均改善4%,城市最大改善10%.排放格局优化是空气质量持续改善方法中的一种创新性辅助支撑技术,在实际应用中,可以结合能源与产业结构调整、污染控制技术提升和跨区域联合防控,综合制定最可行的空气质量改善方案.     

基于分形模型的城市空气质量评价方法研究

基于分形模型开展了城市空气质量的评价方法研究.首先利用分形求和模型分析大气污染物分布特征,用分维数定量描述其浓度分布随机程度,开展了城市空气质量评价的背景值和标准值的确定方法研究.然后在此基础上基于橡树岭大气环境质量指数评价方法,确定了基于二氧化硫、二氧化氮、PM10三项污染物的中国城市人为源空气质量评价方法模型.最后以西安市为示范区,利用本研究方法确定了西安市的大气环境背景值和评价标准值,建立了适用于西安市的大气环境质量指数模型,并开展了2010年该市全年环境质量分析评价工作.结果表明,基于分形模型的评价结果认为西安市空气质量年变化呈“U”字型分布,该方法比常规环境空气质量评价方法更能表现出空气质量的变化规律和季节分布特征.总体上,2010年西安市空气质量良好,未受到污染天数占83%,但是受沙尘天气影响比较大;西安市空气质量随季节变化特征比较明显,夏季和秋季空气质量较好,受污染程度较低,冬季和春季空气质量较差,受污染程度偏高.     

区域大气污染物总量控制技术与示范研究

分析了我国的大气环境问题和特征,剖析了大气污染的成因;重点介绍了区域大气污染物总量控制技术研究中,大气污染物排放清单的编制技术,多尺度的空气质量模拟技术,基于现代控制理论的大气环境容量优化技术,基于环境容量和排放绩效的总量分配技术,多种总量监控方法,科学有效的总量控制管理机制和规则等的关键技术、技术突破、主要研究与理论创新及成果的应用与示范;紧密结合国家空气环境质量管理和大气污染控制的需要,提出了我国大气环境管理、政策和大气环境科学研究的建议.      

基于主成分分析的呼和浩特市空气质量影响因素研究

空气质量指数是一种评价大气环境质量状况简单而直观的指标,可用于大气环境质量评价以及污染控制和管理。利用呼和浩特市城区PM2.5监测点数据和气象数据,以空气质量指数法为依据,采用主成分分析法对影响呼和浩特市城区空气质量的主要因素进行分析,并利用方差分析法分析了气象因素对空气质量的影响。结果表明:影响呼和浩特市城区空气质量的主要因素是PM10、CO和SO2;天气寒冷、空气相对干燥、风大以及季节变化对该市空气质量会产生显著性的影响。     

昆明市臭氧污染特征及与气象因子关系初步研究

对昆明市2014—2018年空气质量和臭氧(O3)污染特征进行了分析,并结合臭氧污染观测资料和气象条件,对昆明市臭氧浓度与气象因子相关性进行了初步研究。结果表明:昆明市空气质量总体逐渐变好,臭氧浓度整体呈上升趋势,春季和夏季臭氧污染比较明显;臭氧浓度春季高,秋冬季低,高值主要集中在3—5月;臭氧污染主要出现在3—8月,7月最高;臭氧浓度与太阳辐射、气温、大气低层温度垂直分布、风速等总体呈正相关,与气压、相对湿度总体呈负相关。     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Evaluation of phytoextracting cadmium and lead by sunflower, ricinus, alfalfa and mustard in hydroponic culture

Soil contaminated with heavy metals cadmium(Cd)and lead(Pb)is hard to be remediated.Phytoremediation may be a feasible method to remove toxic metals from soil,but there are few suitable plants which can hyperaccumulate metals.In this study,Cd and Pb accumulation by four plants including sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.),mustard(Brassica juncea L.),alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.), ricinus(Ricinus communis L.)in hydroponic cultures was compared.Results showed that these plants could phytocxtract heavy metals, the ability of accumulation differed with species,concentrations and categories of heavy metals.Values of BCF(bioconcentration factor)and TF(translocation factor)indicated that four species had dissimilar abilities of phytoextraction and transportation of heavy metals.Changes on the biomass of plants,pH and Eh at different treatments revealed that these four plants had distinct responses to Cd and Pb in cultures.Measurements should be taken to improve the phytoremediation of sites contaminated with heavy metals,such as pH and Eh regulations,and so forth.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.