餐厨垃圾直接发酵生产生物质丁醇的研究

为考察餐厨垃圾不糖化直接进行产丁醇发酵的可行性,优选高效利用淀粉产丁醇梭菌Clostridium saccharoperbutylacetonicum N1-4,并发现不同来源和构型的淀粉对发酵有影响,且直链淀粉更易于被利用。餐厨垃圾直接发酵比糖化发酵效率高,且可避免底物抑制。在固液比1∶1条件下,餐厨垃圾直接发酵丁醇产量达到12. 1 g/L,丁醇碳转化率为0. 402,最大生产速率为0. 705 g/(L·h);固液比1∶2条件下,直接发酵最大生产速率是糖化发酵的2. 05倍。餐厨垃圾发酵产丁醇,可在解决环境问题的同时,为丁醇生产提供廉价原材料。     

Plackett-Burman实验设计优化餐厨垃圾发酵产燃料酒精的研究

针对餐厨垃圾中营养元素含量丰富的特点,利用运动发酵单胞菌对餐厨垃圾发酵生产燃料酒精,采用Plackett-Burman实验设计分析多种酶制剂和营养物质对发酵过程的影响. 结果表明,糖化酶和蛋白酶对于酒精发酵影响显著,其他酶和营养物的添加对发酵均无显著影响,说明餐厨垃圾自身所含的丰富营养即可以满足细菌生长的需要. 进一步的单因素试验分析表明糖化酶的最佳添加量为100 U/g. 当同时添加100U/g 蛋白酶和100 U/g 糖化酶时,酒精产量达到最大值53g/L, 比单纯添加糖化酶时产量高10%,其酒精转化率为44%. 经酒精发酵后,餐厨垃圾粗蛋白增加了1.5倍且纤维素含量较低,可作为饲料使用. 利用餐厨垃圾产酒精不仅处理了污染严重的废物,同时也为酒精生产提供了廉价的原料,具有较高的环境效益和经济效益.     

运动发酵单胞菌同步糖化发酵厨余垃圾制取乙醇

以学生食堂的厨余垃圾为原料,接种运动发酵单胞菌同步糖化发酵制取燃料乙醇,探讨其发酵过程的影响因素,并与酵母发酵的结果进行对比.结果表明,较适宜的乙醇发酵条件为：固液比1:0.5,pH5,接种量10%,温度30 , ℃ 发酵时间40h,在此条件下,乙醇产量为53g/L.与接种酵母进行乙醇发酵相比,运动发酵单胞菌发酵具有乙醇产率高,发酵速率快等优点,可以有效地从厨余垃圾中生产乙醇.     

超声辅助氨解预处理对纤维素酶酶解餐厨垃圾的影响研究

为了提高餐厨垃圾酶解产糖能力,从而能得到更多的燃料乙醇,就纤维素预处理对餐厨垃圾酶解产糖能力的影响进行了试验研究,考察了餐厨垃圾氨解、超声预处理对酶解产糖的影响规律。结果表明：在纤维素酶加酶量为12 g/100g实验垃圾样品、pH4.8、酶解糖化温度为42℃～58℃、反应时间为60 min的条件下,餐厨垃圾经过氨水-超声（10%氨水,固液比1∶20,超声30min）预处理的酶解产糖率比没进行预处理的产糖率有较大提高。     

餐厨垃圾两相厌氧发酵处理对产气量的影响

采用固、液两相发酵(ADSL)系统处理餐厨垃圾,将原餐厨(RFM)分成固相(FSW)和液相(FLW)。在保持相同发酵负荷、温度和周期的条件下,对比三种发酵原料的产气率、日产气速率和pH值变化。结果表明:固液分离后的固相和液相的产气率均比原餐厨的产气率高,最大产气率分别为659、643和581m L/g-VS;在发酵初期,液相和固相的产气速率均比原餐厨高,而在发酵中后期,三种发酵原料的日产气速率则无显著差异;横向对比三种原料在30天的发酵周期内pH值的大小变化,其顺序为:FLW相似文献   

以餐厨垃圾水解酸化液为碳源合成PHA研究

研究了餐厨垃圾厌氧发酵产挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)的特性,考察了含固率对餐厨垃圾厌氧发酵产VFA的影响。并分析了以餐厨垃圾水解酸化液为碳源,接种量为3%的情况下,4种不同耐盐菌合成PHA过程对VFA不同成分的利用规律。结果表明:不同含固率的发酵液中VFA总量随发酵时间的进行呈上升趋势,第8天达到最大值,且添加120 g餐厨垃圾的发酵液产出的VFA浓度最高,为7 839.76 mg/L。4种耐盐菌中,Cupriavidus necator合成PHA的能力最强,发酵1 d时PHA含量即可达到110.7 mg/L。所用碳源VFA中具有偶数碳原子的酸含量高于奇数碳原子的酸含量,因此在所得PHA中PHB的含量明显高于PHV。     

园林/餐厨垃圾联合堆肥工艺研究

以干草落叶混合物及酒店餐厨垃圾为原料,在自然通风条件下,利用自行研制的引风式堆肥装置,通过为期10d的园林/餐厨垃圾混合物高温好氧初级发酵,研究混合原料中餐厨垃圾不同配比对园林垃圾快速堆肥效果的影响。结果表明:在质量配比75.64%、67.45%、51.37%中,当餐厨垃圾质量比67.45%时,含水率61.15%对园林垃圾堆肥效果最好,减容率24.83%,减重率28.33%,初级发酵结束C/N比15.41。     

邯郸市大气PM_(2.5)中元素特征及健康风险评价

研究了餐厨垃圾厌氧发酵产挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)的特性,考察了含固率对餐厨垃圾厌氧发酵产VFA的影响。并分析了以餐厨垃圾水解酸化液为碳源,接种量为3%的情况下,4种不同耐盐菌合成PHA过程对VFA不同成分的利用规律。结果表明:不同含固率的发酵液中VFA总量随发酵时间的进行呈上升趋势,第8天达到最大值,且添加120 g餐厨垃圾的发酵液产出的VFA浓度最高,为7 839.76 mg/L。4种耐盐菌中,Cupriavidus necator合成PHA的能力最强,发酵1 d时PHA含量即可达到110.7 mg/L。所用碳源VFA中具有偶数碳原子的酸含量高于奇数碳原子的酸含量,因此在所得PHA中PHB的含量明显高于PHV。     

椰子壳生物炭促进餐厨垃圾厌氧消化的响应面优化实验

主要研究了椰子壳生物炭添加对餐厨垃圾厌氧消化的影响,选取污泥接种量、初始pH值和生物炭添加量为主要影响因素,运用最陡爬坡实验确定参数水平,然后运用响应面法,以甲烷产率作为厌氧消化过程响应指标,优化椰子壳生物炭促进餐厨垃圾厌氧消化的工艺条件。结果表明:根据实验数据建立的二次多项式数学模型具有高度显著性(P<0.0001),决定系数R~2=0.9844,说明实验值和预测值之间具有很好的拟合度。通过数值优化得到最优条件分别为污泥接种20.98%,初始pH=7.05,生物炭添加量为22.14 g/L。在该条件下,餐厨垃圾甲烷产率的预测值为331.66 L/kg,实验值为326.15 L/kg,二者相对偏差为1.69%。     

预处理对菌接种餐厨垃圾发酵产乙酸的影响

探究了餐厨垃圾微氧发酵产挥发性脂肪酸(VFAs)的强化条件,即5种预处理方式(酸、碱、超声、热及热碱预处理)对餐厨垃圾接种酵母菌和醋酸菌后水解及产酸效果的影响.结果表明,预处理均有效提高了餐厨垃圾微氧发酵产VFAs及乙酸的性能,且产物组成并未发生改变.VFAs中乙酸、丙酸及丁酸分别约占81.81%~92.35%、0.00%~7.48%及6.69%~17.36%.其中,热碱预处理效果最好,在微氧发酵7d后,其发酵液中溶解性化学需氧量、VFAs产量、乙酸产量分别达到22.04、30.08和27.78g/L,较空白实验提高了46.54%、54.34%及77.06%,极大地加快了微氧发酵过程.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.     

Simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate by zeolite synthesized from coal fly ash as influenced by acid treatment

Zeolite synthesized from fly ash （ZFA） without modification is not efficient for the purification of NH4＋ and phosphate at low concentrations that occur in real effluents, despite the high potential removal capacity. To develop an effective technique to enhance the removal efficiency of ammonium and phosphate at low concentrations, ZFA was modified with acid treatment and the simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate in a wide range of concentration was investigated. It was seen that when compared with untreated ZFA, only the treatment by 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4 significantly improved the removal efficiency of ammonium at low initial concentrations. The behavior was well explained by the pH effect. Treatment by more concentrated H2SO4 led to the deterioration of the ZFA structure and a decrease in the cation exchange capacity. Treatment by 0.01 mol/L H2SO4 improved the removal efficiency of phosphate by ZFA at all initial P concentrations, while the treatment by concentrated H2SO4 （≥0.9 mol/L） resulted in a limited maximum phosphate immobilization capacity （PIC）. It was concluded that through a previous mild acid treatment （e.g. 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4）, ZFA can be used in the simultaneous removal of NH4＋ and P at low concentrations simulating real effluent.