催化湿式双氧水氧化处理煤气化废水纳滤浓液

以锆材反应釜为反应容器、硫酸亚铁为均相催化剂,采用催化湿式双氧水氧化法处理煤气化废水纳滤浓液。通过正交实验和单因素实验考察了H_2O_2投加量、ρ(H_2O_2)/ρ(Fe~(2+))、反应温度、反应压力和反应时间对处理效果的影响,通过GC-MS分析了反应前后的水质变化。结果表明,在最佳反应条件,即双氧水投加量为12‰、pH为3、ρ(H_2O_2)/ρ(Fe~(2+))=10∶1、反应温度为160℃、反应压力为1 MPa、反应时间为60 min下,UV_(254)去除率达90.3%、COD去除率达77.7%、TOC去除率达65.3%。水中大分子有机物基本被降解为小分子有机物,ρ(BOD_5)/ρ(COD)由0.02提升至0.41,可生化性大大提高,出水可进入含驯化嗜盐菌的生化系统中进行进一步处理。     

Fenton氧化法处理电镀有机废水研究

针对电镀有机废水COD浓度高、可生化性差等特点,选取广东深圳某工业园区电镀厂的除油废水(ρ(COD)为2 000~2 500 mg/L,pH=13.1~13.5),采用Fenton法进行预处理,探索了H_2O_2投加量、n(H_2O_2)/n(Fe~(2+))、pH及反应时间对COD和BOD_5的去除效果,得到的最佳Fenton工艺参数为:H_2O_2投加量=15 00 mg/L,n(H_2O_2)/n(Fe~(2+))=4∶1,pH=3,反应时间=30 min。在此条件下,COD去除率可达到89.76%,同时B/C从0.19提高到0.31,有机废水的可生化性大幅提高,能达到可生化处理的基本要求。采用Fenton法对电镀有机废水进行预处理是可行的。     

Fenton法处理焦化废水的试验研究

目的确定Fenton法对焦化废水深度处理的去除率、投药比和反应时间。方法选取生化后的二沉出水,加入硫酸调节水样pH值至3.5,加入H_2O_2氧化剂和FeSO_4催化剂,在充分搅拌条件下,由Fe~(2+)催化H_2O_2反应产生羟基自由基(·OH),利用其超强氧化能力深度分解氧化有机物,从而有效去除废水中生物难分解的COD。通过调节H_2O_2、Fe~(2+)用量以及记录不同反应时间下的结果,从而分析出COD最佳去除率的COD:H_2O_2:FeSO_4的摩尔比以及反应时间,以便确定工程应用时的最佳工艺条件。结果通过试验得知,COD:H_2O_2的摩尔比为1∶4时是比较理想的投加比,随着Fe~(2+)投入量的增加,COD去除效果先增加后下降,继续增加Fe~(2+)用量后COD去除率再次上升随后又下降,其变化曲线呈M状,最高去除率为84.6%。随着反应时间的延长,COD去除率上升,在20~30 min左右基本趋于稳定。结论利用Fenton试剂处理对焦化废水进行深度处理时,Fenton药剂投加比与COD去除率的关联曲线为"M"型;药剂最佳投加摩尔比有两个区间,即COD:H_2O_2:FeSO_4=1:4:2.5~3和1:4:4~4.5区间,应避开效果不理想的1:4:3~4;从技术经济角度考虑,最佳反应时间可取30~45 min;控制好Fenton药剂投加比和反应时间,均能使出水COD降低至80 mg/L以下。     

超声-类Fenton法预处理焦化废水影响因素的研究

以考察超声-类Fenton法预处理焦化废水的影响因素为目的,研究了初始pH、Fe_3O_4投加量、H_2O_2投加量和超声波功率对COD去除率的影响。结果表明,预处理焦化废水的最优条件如下:pH为3. 0,Fe_3O_4的质量浓度为1. 0 g/L,H_2O_2(质量分数为30%)的体积分数为1. 0 mL/L,超声波功率为490 W,反应时间为120 min。在此条件下COD的去除率可达70%。     

硅基载铁材料催化H_2O_2降解染料废水

采用浸渍-高温煅烧的方法制备了负载型Fe/Si O2催化材料,并利用该催化材料催化H_2O_2降解亚甲基蓝废水,同时考查了不同因素对亚甲基蓝降解效果的影响。结果表明,催化材料催化H_2O_2对亚甲基蓝废水具有较好的去除效果,受到催化材料投加量、H_2O_2浓度、pH、反应时间等因素影响。正交试验结果表明,影响因素的主次关系依次为H_2O_2浓度、pH值、反应时间及催化材料的投加量。为了考查该催化材料稳定性,经4次循环利用后,发现亚甲基蓝脱色率仍在97%以上。此外,该催化材料催化H_2O_2降解工业染料废水,色度去除率达到近100%,并且其COD去除率达到84.3%,符合染料废水达标排放要求。     

Ce-Mn/Al2O3-H2O2催化氧化皮革废水的研究

以浸渍法制备了Ce-Mn/Al_2O_3催化剂,研究该催化剂在H_2O_2非均相类Fenton体系中对皮革废水污染物的催化降解性能.在单因素试验的基础上,以COD去除率为响应值,采用Box-Behnken响应曲面法考察了催化剂投加量、H_2O_2投加量、初始pH、反应时间等4个因素之间的单独作用及交互作用,实验数据用Design-Expert 8.0.6软件进行处理,得到二次响应曲面模型.结果表明,4个独立变量对响应值的影响顺序如下:初始pHH_2O_2投加量催化剂投加量反应时间,数学模型拟合度高(R_(adj)~2=0.9349),利用该模型预测的最大COD去除率为78.86%,最佳反应条件为:催化剂投加量56.63 g·L~(-1),H_2O_2投加量315.15 mg·L~(-1),初始pH3.51,反应时间2 h,经实验验证COD去除率为80.94%,与模型预测值偏差2.08%.     

抗生素化学合成生产废水可生化性改善试验研究

采用水解酸化与Fenton试剂分别处理高浓度抗生素化学合成废水的厌氧出水,并采用MBR验证其生化性的改善。试验表明:在废水ρ(COD)平均为4 084 mg/L时,水解酸化COD去除率平均为26.2%,ρ(BOD5)/ρ(COD)从0.23提高到0.31,但无法保证MBR出水ρ(COD)<120 mg/L。Fenton试剂反应条件为:ρ(H2O2)=5 000 mg/L,ρ(Fe2+)=4 000 mg/L,pH=7,反应时间1 h,COD去除率达50%。混合废水经MBR处理后,出水ρ(COD)平均为98.4 mg/L,可稳定达《制药工业水污染物排放标准》。     

微波强化铁碳-双氧水体系处理填埋场渗滤液膜滤浓缩液研究

为了探讨微波(MW)/铁碳(Fe-C)/H_2O_2类芬顿反应对填埋场渗滤液膜滤浓缩液(简称"渗滤液浓缩液")中难降解有机物,系统研究了双氧水投量、Fe-C投量、初始pH值、微波输出功率和反应时间对浓缩液中有机污染物的去除规律,通过类比实验研究了MW/Fe-C/H_2O_2体系的反应协同作用;此外,采用紫外-可见和三维荧光光谱表征了浓缩液中溶解性有机物的分子结构变化;最后,利用SEM-EDS和XRD等表征对反应前后的Fe-C材料的催化机理进行了解析.结果表明,在双氧水投量为10 mL·L~(-1),Fe-C投量0.8 g·L~(-1),初始pH值为3,微波输出功率为450 W,反应时间为12 min时,其COD、腐殖质和色度的去除率达到了70.06%、94.61%和98.86%.与此同时,控制实验表明MW/Fe-C/H_2O_2具有较强的协同作用,且对有机物的降解效果远好于其他体系.经过MW/Fe-C/H_2O_2体系处理后,浓缩液中溶解性有机物的芳香性程度和腐殖质缩合度逐渐降低,并且腐殖质等大分子难降解有机物大幅去除,可生化性(BOD/COD值)也大幅提升.一方面,Fe-C材料包含了多种铁基氧化物等活性物质可与H_2O_2形成非均相芬顿反应;另一方面,在酸性条件下铁缓释淋滤产生的铁离子会与H_2O_2形成芬顿反应.并且,微波辐射作用可一定程度上强化上述过程,从而加速了有机物的去除.因此,MW/Fe-C/H_2O_2体系能够快速高效的对渗滤液浓缩液进行预处理,研究为高浓度有机废水的处理提供了借鉴.     

类芬顿试剂对亚甲基蓝的降解研究

针对印染废水中亚甲基蓝常规处理方式的不足,分别选择Fe3_O_4和Mn~(2+)代替传统芬顿试剂中的Fe~(2+),研究类芬顿试剂及H_2O_2浓度、溶液初始pH等因素对印染废水中亚甲基蓝去除效能的影响。实验结果表明,Fe3_O_4代替Fe Cl_2对亚甲基蓝的去除率低于50%,去除效果并不明显。反应溶液中H_2O_2浓度的变化对处理效果有略微影响,反应溶液中H_2O_2浓度越高,处理效果越好。Mn Cl_2作为类芬顿试剂代替Fe Cl_2,在酸性条件下对亚甲基蓝的处理效果明显增强。当Mn Cl_2浓度为0.04~0.06 mmol/L,pH值为3时处理效果最好,亚甲基蓝去除率接近100%。     

烟草薄片废水芬顿实验研究

以生化+气浮处理后的烟草薄片废水为研究对象,对废水进行芬顿实验,考察了反应时间、pH、硫酸亚铁及双氧水投加量对COD去除率的影响。研究表明,在双氧水投加量为0.91ml/L,硫酸亚铁投加量为0.5g/L,反应时间1.5h时,芬顿的处理效果较经济。此时COD去除率为73.3%,出水COD为80mg/L。     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.     

Simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate by zeolite synthesized from coal fly ash as influenced by acid treatment

Zeolite synthesized from fly ash （ZFA） without modification is not efficient for the purification of NH4＋ and phosphate at low concentrations that occur in real effluents, despite the high potential removal capacity. To develop an effective technique to enhance the removal efficiency of ammonium and phosphate at low concentrations, ZFA was modified with acid treatment and the simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate in a wide range of concentration was investigated. It was seen that when compared with untreated ZFA, only the treatment by 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4 significantly improved the removal efficiency of ammonium at low initial concentrations. The behavior was well explained by the pH effect. Treatment by more concentrated H2SO4 led to the deterioration of the ZFA structure and a decrease in the cation exchange capacity. Treatment by 0.01 mol/L H2SO4 improved the removal efficiency of phosphate by ZFA at all initial P concentrations, while the treatment by concentrated H2SO4 （≥0.9 mol/L） resulted in a limited maximum phosphate immobilization capacity （PIC）. It was concluded that through a previous mild acid treatment （e.g. 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4）, ZFA can be used in the simultaneous removal of NH4＋ and P at low concentrations simulating real effluent.