北京市室内外PM_(2.5)中有机碳和元素碳的分布特征

为了分析北京市室内外PM_(2.5)中有机碳和元素碳的分布特征,于2015年11月-2016年4月在北京市西城区室内、室外采样点同步采集PM_(2.5)样品,采用美国Sunset Lab Inc.碳分析仪分析PM_(2.5)中有机碳(Organic carbon,OC)、元素碳(Elemental carbon,EC)的质量浓度,讨论了灰霾和非霾天气下,PM_(2.5)、OC、EC以及二次有机碳的浓度水平、室内外相互关系以及季节分布特征。结果表明:非霾天气下,受室内源影响,室内OC质量浓度高于室外;冬、春季室内的OC在PM_(2.5)中占比均大于室外,室内源作用明显;北京市冬、春季二次有机碳占总有机碳的50%以上,冬季高于春季,室内高于室外,二次有机碳是北京市PM_(2.5)中碳质颗粒物的主要组成,污染严重,应受到重视。     

餐饮源排放PM_(2.5)污染特征研究进展

餐饮油烟排放的污染物危害人体健康,餐饮源已成为城市环境PM_(2.5)的重要来源之一。文章对餐饮源排放PM_(2.5)污染特征的研究进行了综述,包括餐饮源对城市大气环境中PM_(2.5)的贡献、餐饮源排放PM_(2.5)的时空分布特征、化学特性、排放量的估算;初步总结了影响餐饮源PM_(2.5)排放特征的多种因素;分析了餐饮源PM_(2.5)污染的健康效应。该文在汇总国内外研究的基础上,对餐饮源PM_(2.5)的研究前景进行了展望。     

基于建筑外窗缝隙通风的室外PM_(2.5)渗透与沉降特性评价模型

室外PM_(2.5)可以通过建筑外窗缝隙通风进入室内,对室内环境造成污染.穿透系数、沉积率和通风换气次数是评价受室外细颗粒物渗入影响室内人群细颗粒物暴露量的重要参数.目前这些参数大多通过实验室实测或理论推导方法获得.本文结合质量守恒定律、数理统计方法和控制变量法,提出了一种基于大量室内外PM_(2.5)质量浓度实时监测数据的穿透系数P、沉积率k和缝隙通风换气次数a推算模型,该模型的求解结果具有一般性;依据所提方法推算得到了2个实测办公建筑的穿透系数P和沉降率k分别为0.97和0.12、0.97和0.24.研究结果为建筑外窗缝隙渗透特性、室外PM_(2.5)对室内环境影响预测、以及室内人员PM_(2.5)暴露量定量分析提供了新的方法参考.     

室内外PM10中多环芳烃相关关系及来源分析

为研究室内外PM10中多环芳烃相关性和来源特征,于2009年非采暖季、采暖季在天津市某小区36位住户室内和室外进行PM10膜采样,并分析其中12种PAHs浓度.结果表明,非采暖季较采暖季更为良好的室内外通风性,导致非采暖季室内外PM10中PAHs浓度没有显著差异(P>0.05),而采暖季室内PM10中PAHs浓度显著小于室外浓度;非采暖季室内外PM10中各PAHs占总PAHs的质量百分比基本一致,而采暖季其室内外质量百分比有明显不同;采暖季和非采暖季室内外PM10中PAHs的I/O平均值均低于1,但采暖季I/O值小于非采暖季. 对参与者的时间活动模式分析表明,在采暖季和非采暖季,室内吸烟、清洁活动以及烹饪对室内PM10中PAHs浓度变化均没有显著影响(P>0.05). 室内外PAHs浓度线性回归分析表明,室内PM10中5~7环PAHs主要受到室外源的影响,2~4环PAHs主要受到室内源的影响,非采暖季和采暖季室内外PM10中总PAHs的有效穿透因子分别为0.73和0.51. 通过特征比值法对PM10中PAHs来源进行解析得出,燃煤源、柴油机动车是其主要来源.     

上海市典型地区环境空气可吸入颗粒物中重金属污染水平及健康风险评价

为了探究上海市典型地区环境空气中可吸入颗粒物(PM_(10))中重金属的污染水平及其对人体的健康风险,本研究分别于夏季和冬季在上海徐汇区和金山区设置多个采样点,采集室外大气PM_(10)样品,同时招募相同区域各20名志愿者进行室内颗粒物采集,分析其中Cr、As、Pb、Cd和Hg的含量,并采用美国EPA健康风险评价模型对重金属的风险进行评价.结果显示,上海市典型地区环境空气中的PM_(10)浓度范围为36.6～266.6μg·m~(-3),其中,冬季浓度高于夏季,城市浓度高于农村,室外浓度高于室内;PM_(10)中重金属含量从高到低依次是AsPbCrCdHg,且呈一定的空间分布关系,室外Pb和Cd的平均浓度高于室内,As则是室内浓度高于室外.上海市典型地区环境空气PM_(10)中的重金属致癌风险为成年人高于儿童,As存在潜在致癌风险.     

典型道路路边空气颗粒物及无机元素特征分析

于2015年春、夏季,在天津市选取4条不同等级道路进行路边空气颗粒物(PM_(2.5)和PM_(10))采集,并分析其中16种无机元素.结果表明,春季PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)的平均浓度显著高于夏季.路边环境中PM_(2.5)/PM_(10)低于非路边环境中空气颗粒物比值,且次干道和快速路分别在PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)中污染最严重.元素浓度分析显示,PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)中Si、Al、Ca等地壳元素浓度最高,次干道和快速路受人为元素影响较大,外环路所受影响较小;富集因子(PM_(2.5)和PM_(10))分析结果显示,Pb、Zn、Cu、Sb、Sn和Cd的EF10,是路边环境中富集程度较高的元素.通过Kruskal-Wallis H检验,PM_(2.5)中各元素富集因子在4条道路上存在显著性差异,次干道受机动车污染较严重.PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)中因子分析结果有一定差异,PM_(2.5)分析结果显示采样期间该区域主要污染源有开放源(土壤尘、扬尘、道路尘及建筑尘)、机动车排放源(尾气和非尾气源)、燃烧源和工业源,其中机动车排放源在人为源污染中占比最高.     

室内外PM_(10)中多环芳烃相关关系及来源分析——以天津市某老年社区为例

为研究室内外PM10中多环芳烃相关性和来源特征,于2009年非采暖季、采暖季在天津市某小区36位住户室内和室外进行PM10膜采样,并分析其中12种PAHs浓度.结果表明,非采暖季较采暖季更为良好的室内外通风性,导致非采暖季室内外PM10中PAHs浓度没有显著差异(P0.05),而采暖季室内PM10中PAHs浓度显著小于室外浓度;非采暖季室内外PM10中各PAHs占总PAHs的质量百分比基本一致,而采暖季其室内外质量百分比有明显不同;采暖季和非采暖季室内外PM10中PAHs的I/O平均值均低于1,但采暖季I/O值小于非采暖季.对参与者的时间活动模式分析表明,在采暖季和非采暖季,室内吸烟、清洁活动以及烹饪对室内PM10中PAHs浓度变化均没有显著影响(P0.05).室内外PAHs浓度线性回归分析表明,室内PM10中5~7环PAHs主要受到室外源的影响,2~4环PAHs主要受到室内源的影响,非采暖季和采暖季室内外PM10中总PAHs的有效穿透因子分别为0.73和0.51.通过特征比值法对PM10中PAHs来源进行解析得出,燃煤源、柴油机动车是其主要来源.     

负氧离子发生器的辅助空气净化效果实测

室内外空气品质问题日益受到社会广泛关注,各种类型的空气净化装置也在不同程度上缓解了空气污染问题,以产生负氧离子为主的保健设备理论上也具备空气净化的效果。采用标定过的PM_(2.5)测试仪跟踪记录了不同工况下负氧离子发生器的辅助空气净化效果。通过测试室外不同污染程度下,室内PM_(2.5)在负氧离子发生器运行时的衰减规律,分析负氧离子发生器分别摆放在室内3个不同位置时对PM_(2.5)的净化效果。研究表明:负氧离子发生器清除室内PM_(2.5)的效果较好,放置于室内中间位置比放置于中间靠边位置时的净化效果更好,而放置于窗边角落位置时,净化效率会降低。     

太原市城区大气颗粒物PM_(10)排放总量估算

本文首先分析了2016年太原市城区环境空气PM_(10)浓度状况;其次根据太原市颗粒物源解析结果分析了开放源对太原市城区环境空气中PM_(10)的影响,并采用箱模型测算了太原市开放源PM_(10)起尘量;然后以环境统计数据为基础估算了人为源PM_(10)排放量;最后综合开放源起尘量和人为源排放量估算了太原市大气颗粒物PM_(10)的排放总量。结果表明:2016年太原市大气颗粒物PM_(10)排放总量约为6.44万t。其中,开放源PM_(10)起尘量约为3.37万t;人为源颗粒物PM_(10)排放量约为3.07万t。     

南京市不同交通工具内部颗粒物污染状况的研究

为了解目前各种常用交通工具内部大气颗粒物污染状况,利用颗粒物浓度监测仪(DT-9880M)在2015年3月中旬至5月中旬于南京市鼓楼至新街口一带及南京市不同功能区,对各种城市交通工具如地铁、私家车、公交车、出租车内的颗粒物及室外的污染状况进行了监测。结果表明:(1)同等天气条件下不同交通工具窗户关闭时内部PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)浓度分别为:私家车(84.2,145.0μg/m~3)出租车(51.8,99.7μg/m~3)地铁(28.2,45.8μg/m~3),地铁内部污染水平最低。(2)开窗时室外大气污染状况对公交车内部颗粒物浓度有一定影响,随着室外颗粒物浓度的增加,公交车内颗粒物浓度明显上升;地铁由于封闭运行,车内颗粒物浓度与车外污染关系不大,与车内人流量有关。(3)对于私家车,吸烟会造成颗粒物浓度剧增,关窗与开内循环均能降低室内颗粒物浓度,其中开内循环效果显著,而车型和排量对室内颗粒物污染则无明显影响。(4)综合时耗,油耗和乘车费用三方面,地铁最省钱省时,且车内空气质量最好,出行时可以优先选择。     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Evaluation of phytoextracting cadmium and lead by sunflower, ricinus, alfalfa and mustard in hydroponic culture

Soil contaminated with heavy metals cadmium(Cd)and lead(Pb)is hard to be remediated.Phytoremediation may be a feasible method to remove toxic metals from soil,but there are few suitable plants which can hyperaccumulate metals.In this study,Cd and Pb accumulation by four plants including sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.),mustard(Brassica juncea L.),alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.), ricinus(Ricinus communis L.)in hydroponic cultures was compared.Results showed that these plants could phytocxtract heavy metals, the ability of accumulation differed with species,concentrations and categories of heavy metals.Values of BCF(bioconcentration factor)and TF(translocation factor)indicated that four species had dissimilar abilities of phytoextraction and transportation of heavy metals.Changes on the biomass of plants,pH and Eh at different treatments revealed that these four plants had distinct responses to Cd and Pb in cultures.Measurements should be taken to improve the phytoremediation of sites contaminated with heavy metals,such as pH and Eh regulations,and so forth.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.