制药污泥热解制备生物炭及对制药废水的吸附处理性能分析

利用制药污泥热解制备生物炭,考察ZnCl₂活化条件对生物炭吸附性能的影响,并探究生物炭对制药废水的吸附处理特性。提高ZnCl₂活化剂的浓度和浸渍比均可提升制药污泥生物炭的吸附性能,5 mol/L ZnCl₂活化剂在1:1浸渍比下获得的生物炭的比表面积达到534.91 m2/g,碘吸附值和苯酚吸附值分别达到674.61,119.12 mg/g。制药污泥生物炭对制药废水COD吸附动力学与叶洛维奇模型和拟二级吸附动力学模型较为相符,1 h内为生物炭对COD的快速吸附阶段。制药污泥生物炭投加量的提升,可提高废水中污染物去除率,在50 g/L生物炭投加量下吸附1 h,可实现66.3% COD和61.8%可吸附有机卤素（AOX）的去除。而多级吸附可在较低投加量下实现更好的污染物去除效果,1 g/L投加量下进行6级吸附可去除72.8%的COD和65.2%的AOX。这揭示了制药污泥在ZnCl₂活化条件下热解可制备高吸附性能生物炭,并展现了出色的制药废水吸附处理效果。     

垃圾渗滤液两级DTRO浓缩液生物蒸发处理研究

以生物膜海绵为微生物载体和膨胀剂,餐厨垃圾为补充碳源,生物蒸发处理垃圾渗滤液两级DTRO浓缩液.同时优化了生物蒸发过程中的COD浓度、最佳通风速率和每轮的投加量.结果表明:生物蒸发处理垃圾渗滤液浓缩液是可行的,且COD浓度越高,生物蒸发效果越佳,当COD浓度为160g/L时,四轮堆体最高温为72℃,水分总去除率为85.2%;虽然低风速堆体温度相对较高,但水分去除相对较少.所以综合堆体温度及水分去除效果,选择通风速率为0.5L/min作为生物蒸发最佳风速;混合液投加量为85%时水分和VS的去除效果最佳,所以选择最佳投加量为85%.     

沸石与炉渣组合材料吸附农村生活垃圾渗滤液的效能及机理研究

选取沸石和炉渣作为吸附材料,探究单一材料下吸附时间、吸附剂投加量、渗滤液初始pH值对农村生活垃圾渗滤液吸附效能的影响及其机理.确定各因素最优值后,探究组合材料下吸附效能的优化条件.综合考虑试验结果,可操作性及运行成本,吸附时间120 min、吸附剂投加量为50 g·L~(-1)、渗滤液初始pH值为自然值的条件下,沸石对渗滤液中CODCr、NH_3-N、TN、TP的去除效果较好,去除率分别为37.54%、62.91%、34.48%和27.73%,炉渣对重金属Cr、As、Cd、Ni、Pb的吸附效果较好,去除率分别为81.79%、35.99%、97.26%、74.89%和91.19%.多种吸附作用中化学吸附占主导作用.组合材料对渗滤液常规污染物的去除效率较单一材料提升不大,对重金属的去除效率保持了很高的性能,实际中可考虑采用沸石与炉渣滤池串联的形式实现对渗滤液常规污染物及重金属的高效去除.     

生物活性炭投加量对垃圾渗滤液处理效果的影响

试验对比了不同生物活性炭(biological activated carbon,BAC)投加量对垃圾渗滤液去除COD效果的影响.每升活性污泥中活性炭投加量为0、100、300 g的反应器处理垃圾渗滤液100个周期平均COD去除率分别为12.9%、19.6%、27.7%,表明BAC可以去除部分难降解有机物,并且COD去除率与投加量呈正相关关系.曝气8 h反应器中二氧化碳(CO2)产生量依次为109、193、306 mg,表明生物分解量也与投加量呈正相关关系.分析认为COD去除率与投加量的正相关关系是由于吸附与生物再生的共同作用导致,生物再生是BAC能够生物分解难降解有机物的根本原因.     

化学生物絮凝工艺污染物去除试验研究

化学生物絮凝污水处理工艺是一种新的一级强化处理工艺。该工艺在传统的化学混凝的基础上将沉淀池内的污泥回流至化学生物絮凝池,利用化学混凝和污泥吸附的协同作用去除污水中的污染物。中试试验结果表明,聚合硫酸铝铁絮凝剂投加量为70mg/L,PAM投加量为0.5m g/L时,COD、TP和SS去除率分别为61.8%、74.5%和74.6%。化学生物絮凝池内污泥富集了未反应的絮凝剂,这部分絮凝剂对污水中TP具有很好的去除作用。化学生物絮凝池内污染物的沿程分析显示,回流污泥与污水充分接触可促进TP的进一步去除。     

芦苇秸秆生物炭对水中菲和1,1-二氯乙烯的吸附特性

在500℃热解温度下自制芦苇秸秆生物炭吸附剂,研究生物炭对水中两种典型有机污染物菲(PHE)和1,1-二氯乙烯(1,1-DCE)的吸附特性,探讨其吸附机制,并考察溶液p H和生物炭投加量对吸附效果的影响.结果表明,生物炭对PHE和1,1-DCE的吸附分别在60 min和480 min时达到平衡,最大去除率分别为81.87%和90.18%,两者的吸附动力学规律均符合准二级动力学方程,其中PHE的二级动力学吸附速率大于1,1-DCE,两者的吸附过程均由膜扩散和颗粒内扩散共同控制,且后者是主要限速步骤;两种有机污染物的等温吸附曲线均可用Freundlich方程描述,且生物炭对1,1-DCE的吸附亲和力强于PHE;PHE和1,1-DCE在生物炭上的吸附机制包括表面吸附作用和分配作用,且以表面吸附作用为主,其中1,1-DCE的表面吸附作用大于PHE,而其分配作用小于PHE,说明污染物性质中分子体积和相对极性是影响总体吸附的主要因素;红外图谱显示,含氧、含氢官能团及π—π相互作用对生物炭吸附两种有机污染物有重要贡献;溶液p H对生物炭吸附PHE和1,1-DCE的影响较小,而生物炭投加量从5增至50 mg时,PHE和1,1-DCE的平衡吸附量分别减少6.78倍和2.18倍,去除率分别提高20.21%和15.78%.     

硫酸铝对垃圾渗滤液处理效果的实验研究

本文选用硫酸铝作为絮凝剂处理垃圾渗滤液,考察了投加量、搅拌时间、pH值和温度4个因素,研究其对垃圾渗滤液中COD去除效果的影响。实验结果表明反应最佳条件为:絮凝剂投加量为16g/L,pH值为6,温度为40℃,搅拌时间为15min,此时色度明显减弱,COD的去除率可达到79.8%。     

颗粒活性炭对AnDMBR污水处理性能与动态膜性质的影响

构建了颗粒活性炭(GAC)强化型厌氧动态膜生物反应器(AnDMBR),考察了GAC投加量(3,6,10,20 g/L)对工艺的过滤性能、污染物去除、产甲烷性能以及动态膜性质的影响,探究了GAC的物化和生物强化作用。研究结果表明,与未投加GAC相比,随着投加GAC浓度的增大,浊度去除率分别提高了3.1～12.3百分点,COD去除率分别提高了5.7～12.1百分点,GAC投加量越大对污染物去除的贡献越大。与未投加GAC相比,随着投加GAC浓度的增大,甲烷总产率分别提高了23.7%、34.6%、24.2%、8.3%,最佳GAC投加量为6 g/L。投加GAC改善了AnDMBR的污染物去除性能和产甲烷性能。GAC的投加有利于降低厌氧污泥和动态膜中EPS的含量,削减出水中荧光性溶解性有机物的含量,减小跨膜压差(TMP)的增长率。同时GAC的吸附与生物富集效应可形成生物活性炭,增大污泥粒径,改善污泥性质和动态膜的多孔结构,对AnDMBR的长期运行起到了积极作用。     

Fenton氧化法预处理垃圾渗滤液试验研究

采用Fenton氧化法处理长沙市黑糜峰垃圾填埋场垃圾渗滤液原液,考察了影响COD去除率的各种因素,包括初始pH值、FeSO4·7H2O投加量、双氧水投加量、反应时间及投加方式等,试验结果表明:在初始pH值为3、FeSO4·7H2O投加量为0.5%、双氧水投加量为18 mL/L、反应时间为100 min、投加方式为3次投加的条件下,可使垃圾渗滤液原液的COD去除率达40%左右,并提高了生化比,为后续生物处理改善了条件.     

臭氧投加量对臭氧生物活性炭工艺处理水库水影响的中试

臭氧投加量是O₃/BAC(臭氧/生物活性炭)工艺中的重要参数,直接影响净水效果和处理费用. 试验分别采用预臭氧+常规工艺+生物活性炭工艺(下称工艺Ⅰ)和常规工艺+主臭氧+生物活性炭工艺(下称工艺Ⅱ),以COD_Mn和浊度的去除率、UV₂₅₄降幅为评价指标,确定了O₃/BAC工艺中最佳预臭氧投加量和最佳主臭氧投加量,并分别对比了臭氧投加前后工艺Ⅰ和工艺Ⅱ对污染物的去除效果. 结果表明:工艺Ⅰ中,最佳预臭氧投加量为0.78mg/L,该预臭氧投加量下COD_Mn去除率和UV₂₅₄降幅分别较无预臭氧工艺提高28.8%和43.7%;工艺Ⅱ中,最佳主臭氧投加量为1.20mg/L,该主臭氧投加量下COD_Mn去除率和UV₂₅₄降幅分别较无主臭氧工艺提高44.8%和73.3%. 可见,在合适的臭氧投加量下,O₃/BAC工艺能够高效去除丹江口水库水中的有机污染物,使水质得到显著改善,投加主臭氧的工艺Ⅱ对污染物的去除效果比投加预臭氧的工艺Ⅰ更好.      

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.     

Simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate by zeolite synthesized from coal fly ash as influenced by acid treatment

Zeolite synthesized from fly ash （ZFA） without modification is not efficient for the purification of NH4＋ and phosphate at low concentrations that occur in real effluents, despite the high potential removal capacity. To develop an effective technique to enhance the removal efficiency of ammonium and phosphate at low concentrations, ZFA was modified with acid treatment and the simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate in a wide range of concentration was investigated. It was seen that when compared with untreated ZFA, only the treatment by 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4 significantly improved the removal efficiency of ammonium at low initial concentrations. The behavior was well explained by the pH effect. Treatment by more concentrated H2SO4 led to the deterioration of the ZFA structure and a decrease in the cation exchange capacity. Treatment by 0.01 mol/L H2SO4 improved the removal efficiency of phosphate by ZFA at all initial P concentrations, while the treatment by concentrated H2SO4 （≥0.9 mol/L） resulted in a limited maximum phosphate immobilization capacity （PIC）. It was concluded that through a previous mild acid treatment （e.g. 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4）, ZFA can be used in the simultaneous removal of NH4＋ and P at low concentrations simulating real effluent.