包埋固定化微生物处理垃圾渗滤液的应用研究

应用包埋固定化微生物处理垃圾渗滤液,确定适宜的进水浓度和水力停留时间(HRT),采用GC-MS分析渗滤液有机污染物的降解特性,并鉴定优势菌种,为应用固定化微生物提高渗滤液生化处理效率提供依据。结果表明:当进水ρ(COD)为700~800 mg/L,ρ(NH3-N)为300~400 mg/L时,固定化微生物对渗滤液的处理效果最好,此时最佳HRT为72 h,COD去除率达39.0%,氨氮去除率达69.0%;有机物组分分析显示固定化微生物对渗滤液中的烷烃类和羧酸类有较强的去除效果;菌种鉴定表明反应池中的主要优势菌种有鲁氏不动杆菌(Acinetobacter lwoffii),少动鞘氨醇单胞菌(Sphingomonas paucimobilis),嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌(Stenotrophomonas maltophilia),洋葱伯克霍尔德菌群(Burkholderia cepacia group),代尔夫特食酸菌(Delftia acidovorans),泛菌属(Pantoea sp)等6种具有降解有机物和脱氮能力的细菌。     

煤矿生活污水同步硝化反硝化试验研究

为提高煤矿生活污水脱氮效果并优化反应方式,采用限氧曝气生物膜反应器进行试验研究,分析了污染物去除效果和主要影响因素。结果表明:在第一反应室DO为1.5～2 mg/L、第二反应室DO为1～1.5 mg/L、HRT为3.13 h、ρ(COD)=69.8～85.2 mg/L、ρ(NH4+-N)=14. 6～17.9 mg/L、ρ(TN)=17.3～21.2 mg/L的进水条件下,反应器出水COD、NH4+-N、TN最大质量浓度分别为18.3 mg/L、0.23 mg/L和8.92 mg/L,平均去除率分别为80.8%、99.3%和59.3%,同步硝化反硝化效率(SND率)为45.4%～56.5%;在2.78 h≤HRT≤4.17 h范围内,反应器出水COD和NH4+-N浓度达到GB 3838—2002Ⅲ类标准要求,出水ρ(TN)10 mg/L且SND率达到52%。     

三相生物流化床处理低C/N污水的亚硝化过程控制研究

将短程硝化与生物流化床相结合,采用低碳氮比的人工合成污水进行启动,考察进水COD、氨氮、DO、p H对硝化和亚硝化过程的影响。研究表明,较短的水力停留时间(HRT)和较少的接种污泥量有利于生物膜的生长,能够成功实现生物流化床的快速启动。高进水氨氮浓度有助于反应器实现亚硝酸盐的积累,但是这种积累并不稳定。当反应器中p H为7.5~8.1,ρ(DO)为1.5~2.5 mg/L时,最大亚硝化率达到75%左右,氨氮去除率达85%以上。出水NO-2-N和NO-3-N浓度随进水COD浓度的增加而减少;当进水COD浓度为50 mg/L时,出水硝酸盐浓度急剧减少,亚硝酸盐浓度有所降低,反应器发生同步硝化反硝化脱氮现象。     

多级A/OVTBR组合工艺处理焦化废水

采用水解酸化、多级A/O垂直折流生物膜反应器(vertical tubulant biological reactor,VTBR)、混凝和Fenton氧化组合技术对实际焦化废水进行处理。其中水解酸化预处理阶段提高了废水可生化性,混凝降低了生化处理的有机负荷,一级A/O VTBR以脱碳为主,二级A/O VTBR主要脱碳和脱氮,三级好氧VTBR强化对氨氮的去除,Fenton氧化则对生化出水进行深度处理。试验结果表明:在进水ρ(COD)为3 000～3 500 mg/L,ρ(BOD5)为1 212 mg/L,ρ(NH3-N)为109 mg/L条件下,保持好氧段ρ(DO)为3～7 mg/L,缺氧段ρ(DO)<1 mg/L,总停留时间HRT 56 h,该工艺对COD、BOD5、NH3-N的去除率分别为98%、99%、95%,出水达GB8978-1996《污水综合排放标准》中的一级排放标准。     

固定化微生物处理抗生素废水

研究PVA复合载体包埋固定化微生物颗粒处理抗生素废水的工艺条件，活性微生物为经抗生素废水以10％浓度增幅驯化75d后的活性污泥。结果表明：进水ρ（CODα）为2000mg/L、曝气为20h、温度在10-45℃、pH值7—10、固定化颗粒与废水比例1：4是固定化活性污泥处理抗生素废水的最佳工艺条件，CODCr去除率可迭80．57％。     

一体化A/O工艺中溶解氧对脱氮除碳的影响

根据好氧-缺氧生物脱氮的工艺原理,设计了一体化A/O反应器,并就DO对其脱碳、脱氮处理效果的影响进行研究。结果表明,在水力停留时间HRT=12h,进水COD为300mg/L左右时,COD的平均去除率为93%。当好氧区DO在5mg/L左右时,脱氮效率最高,TN去除率达到70%。当好氧区DO为3￣4mg/L时,氨氮和总氮的去除可达到动态一致,它们的去除率均在50%～60%之间。     

AO生物脱氮工艺处理皮革废水研究

针对皮革废水含氮较高的水质特性,用缺氧-好氧(AO)工艺对皮革废水进行生物脱氮处理。主要研究水力停留时间(HRT)和溶解氧(DO)对AO工艺生物脱氮的影响,在A池的HRT和DO质量浓度分别为16～20 h和0.2～0.5 mg/L、O池的HRT和DO质量浓度分别为18～22 h和2.5～3.0 mg/L条件下,处理出水的化学需氧量、氨氮、总氮、悬浮物和色度分别为76,6.2,24,24 mg/L和23倍,平均去除率分别为82.3%、87.6%、56.4%、72.1%和74.4%。     

生物膜SBR反应器中低氨氮浓度废水亚硝化启动试验研究

为建立生物膜SBR反应器处理中低氨氮浓度废水的自养脱氮系统,采用控制DO浓度、HRT和不同生物载体填料的4组小试生物膜SBR反应器,对中低氨氮浓度废水进行了单级自养脱氮工艺亚硝化阶段的启动试验研究.结果表明:接种普通好氧活性污泥和厌氧污泥,在水温30℃±2℃,氨氮浓度60～120mg/L,DO为0.8～1.0mg/L和HRT=24h条件下,运行130d可实现稳定的亚硝化,YJZH软性组合填料更适合于微生物附着.     

提铜选矿药剂生产废水处理中污泥驯化研究

针对提铜选矿药剂生产废水气味浓、浊度高、色度高、含有机毒物、油类物质含量高、高盐分、高COD的水质特点,采用物化-生化组合工艺进行处理。在前期预处理工艺研究基础上,采用预处理废水,对生化处理单元活性污泥进行驯化研究。结果表明:先采用常规的COD负荷提升法对活性污泥进行兼氧、好氧单独驯化,然后进行兼氧-好氧活性污泥组合驯化,经2个月左右可驯化出高活性的兼氧、好氧污泥。当进水ρ(COD)≤7 800 mg/L,经兼氧-好氧生化处理后,出水ρ(COD)低于150 mg/L。兼氧、好氧生化工艺参数分别如下:ρ(MLSS)=3 700 mg/L、HRT=3～4 d、有机容积负荷OLR<1.3 kg/(m3.d);ρ(MLSS)为8 400 mg/L、HRT2～3 d、OLR<0.3 kg/(m3.d)、ρ(DO)=5～6 mg/L。     

组合填料强化多级AO工艺处理低温污水脱氮效果

针对低温条件下多级AO工艺脱氮效果差的问题,研究了增设组合填料强化多级AO工艺脱氮效果的可行性。试验结果表明,通过增设组合填料可以有效强化低温条件下多级AO工艺的脱氮效果。在进水温度为11~13℃时,多级AO工艺无填料时,出水ρ(NH_4~+-N)和ρ(TN)平均值分别为16.37,22.33 mg/L,远高于GB 18918—2002《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》一级A排放标准要求;在系统好氧区悬挂填料后出水ρ(NH_4~+-N)和ρ(TN)分别为0.83,11.92 mg/L,可达一级A标准。同时,悬挂填料后系统出水ρ(COD)平均为26 mg/L,较无填料时降低了12 mg/L。     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.     

Simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate by zeolite synthesized from coal fly ash as influenced by acid treatment

Zeolite synthesized from fly ash （ZFA） without modification is not efficient for the purification of NH4＋ and phosphate at low concentrations that occur in real effluents, despite the high potential removal capacity. To develop an effective technique to enhance the removal efficiency of ammonium and phosphate at low concentrations, ZFA was modified with acid treatment and the simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate in a wide range of concentration was investigated. It was seen that when compared with untreated ZFA, only the treatment by 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4 significantly improved the removal efficiency of ammonium at low initial concentrations. The behavior was well explained by the pH effect. Treatment by more concentrated H2SO4 led to the deterioration of the ZFA structure and a decrease in the cation exchange capacity. Treatment by 0.01 mol/L H2SO4 improved the removal efficiency of phosphate by ZFA at all initial P concentrations, while the treatment by concentrated H2SO4 （≥0.9 mol/L） resulted in a limited maximum phosphate immobilization capacity （PIC）. It was concluded that through a previous mild acid treatment （e.g. 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4）, ZFA can be used in the simultaneous removal of NH4＋ and P at low concentrations simulating real effluent.