中国地表水酸沉降临界负荷的区划

为了解中国地表水体对酸沉降的响应情况,应用基于酸度平衡的稳态法研究中国地表水酸沉降临界负荷区划.结果表明,中国地表水硫沉降临界负荷呈较明显的地带分布.其中,大兴安岭北端水体的硫沉降临界负荷最低,大部分小于2 keq·(hm²·a)^-1,东北北部部分水体和秦岭-淮河以南大部分地区水体的硫沉降临界负荷介于2～10 keq·(hm²·a)^-1之间,其余地区水体硫沉降临界负荷普遍大于10 keq·(hm²·a)^-1.地表水酸度临界负荷的地区分布和数值大小类似于硫沉降临界负荷由于中国地表水酸度临界负荷普遍大于2 keq·(hm²·a)^-1,因此大部分地表水对酸化并不敏感,近期内不易酸化.     

Enhancing treatment efficiency of swine wastewater by effluent recirculation in vertical-flow constructed wetland

Introduction Livestock w astew ater contains highly concen- trated pollutants, including suspended solids (SS), organics, nutrients and bacteria. In C hina, w astew ater generated by concentrated farm s is com m only stored in anaerobic lagoons and partia…     

万安水库春季二氧化碳分压的分布规律研究

为研究河道型水库二氧化碳释放特征,于2009年5月利用喷淋-鼓泡式平衡器-非分散红外检测器系统对万安水库二氧化碳分压[P(CO2)]进行了走航观测,并比较了入库水体和出库水体p(CO2)特征.结果表明,水库入库水体章水、梅江、桃江都具有很高的二氧化碳分压,分别为211.5、91.7、259.7 Pa;走航结果表明库区来...     

Simultaneous Concentration of Enteric Viruses and Protozoan Parasites: A Protocol Based on Tangential Flow Filtration and Adapted to Large Volumes of Surface and Drinking Waters

A filtration system, based on tangential flow filtration (TFF) followed by ultracentrifugation was developed in order to concentrate simultaneously viruses and parasites from large volumes of water. For TFF, no pre-treatment of the membrane is performed but a post-rinsing step using high pH-beef extract-based eluant. Applying our protocol to 20 l of surface waters spiked with vaccinal poliovirus-1, ϕX174 and MS2 bacteriophages resulted in an averaged viral recovery of 75% by TFF and 91% by ultracentrifugation (total viral recovery of 70%). Our protocol was further applied to 31 environmental samples including surface, ground and drinking waters from the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg in order to assess the occurrence of protozoan parasites (Cryptosporidium parvum and Giardia lamblia (oo)cysts), pathogenic viruses (enterovirus, norovirus and adenovirus) and infectious bacteriophages (somatic coliphages and F-specific phages) in these samples. High viral recovery rates of > 70% were confirmed concentrating environmental strains of somatic and F-specific coliphages from non-spiked surface waters. Parasites and enteric viruses were detected in 86 and 40% of the surface waters used for drinking water production, respectively. Infectious bacteriophages were isolated from all surface waters and in two out of seven (29%) groundwaters revealing a susceptibility of the corresponding wells to viral pollution. TFF-based method proved to be efficient for surveying the occurrence of non-bacterial pathogens such as enteric viruses and protozoan parasites in large volumes of environmental waters.     

Siting restrictions and proximity of Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations to surface water

Proximity and connections to surface waters may play significant roles in determining impacts of manure spills. As occurred in many U.S. states, Minnesota adopted in 2000 more stringent regulations on Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations (CAFOs) including restrictions on siting new facilities near surface waters. The objectives of this study were to determine whether CAFO proximity to surface waters decreased following the siting restrictions and to evaluate implications of siting restrictions. Permit dates, locations, and distances to nearest surface water bodies for 111 west central Minnesota CAFOs were determined based on satellite imagery, historical records, and correspondence with regulatory officials. Average distance between surface waters and facilities permitted after 2000 was greater than for facilities permitted before 2000. The increase in average distance between CAFOs and public surface waters was significant for open water (1790 m, p = 0.03), but not for streams (280 m, p = 0.47). Decreased CAFO proximity to surface waters should benefit water quality, but after 2000 facilities continued to be permitted close to hydraulic connections not covered by the siting restriction. Comprehensive manure spill tracking and long term targeted water quality monitoring are needed to evaluate effectiveness of siting restrictions and other strategies for protecting surface waters from manure spills.     

One-year Surveillance of Human Enteric Viruses in Raw and Treated Wastewaters,Downstream River Waters,and Drinking Waters

Human enteric viruses are a major cause of waterborne diseases, and can be transmitted by contaminated water of all kinds, including drinking and recreational water. The objectives of the present study were to assess the occurrence of enteric viruses (enterovirus, norovirus, adenovirus, hepatitis A and E virus) in raw and treated wastewaters, in rivers receiving wastewater discharges, and in drinking waters. Wastewater treatment plants’ (WWTP) pathogen removal efficiencies by adenovirus quantitative real-time PCR and the presence of infectious enterovirus, by cell culture assays, in treated wastewaters and in surface waters were also evaluated. A total of 90 water samples were collected: raw and treated wastewaters (treated effluents and ultrafiltered water reused for industrial purposes), water from two rivers receiving treated discharges, and drinking water. Nested PCR assays were used for the identification of viral DNA/RNA, followed by direct amplicon sequencing. All raw sewage samples (21/21), 61.9 % of treated wastewater samples (13/21), and 25 % of ultrafiltered water samples (3/12) were contaminated with at least one viral family. Multiple virus families and genera were frequently detected. Mean positive PCRs per sample decreased significantly from raw to treated sewage and to ultrafiltered waters. Moreover, quantitative adenovirus data showed a reduction in excess of 99 % in viral genome copies following wastewater treatment. In surface waters, 78.6 % (22/28) of samples tested positive for one or more viruses by molecular methods, but enterovirus-specific infectivity assays did not reveal infectious particles in these samples. All drinking water samples tested negative for all viruses, demonstrating the effectiveness of treatment in removing viral pathogens from drinking water. Integrated strategies to manage water from all sources are crucial to ensure water quality.     

成都市地表水天然水化学变化特征及影响因素

为揭示大型城市对地表水天然水化学的影响,于2019年春开始对长江上游岷、沱江流域成都段河流进行了每月采样监测,同时采集成都市57个污水处理厂进出口水样,测试所有样品的主要离子等水化学参数,并与搜集的历史岷、沱江数据对比.结果表明,成都地表水天然水化学目前仍是中-低矿化度水,水化学类型为重碳酸盐钙组水,是流域碳酸盐岩风化作用决定的天然水化学特征,同时受硅酸盐和蒸发岩风化的影响.成都地表水天然水化学表现出明显的月变化特征,即枯水期主要离子和矿化度质量浓度高而丰水期质量浓度低,反映出点源影响特征;空间上城市下游主要离子和矿化度高于城市上游,而且支流流域高于干流流域,反映出明显的城市影响.模拟计算等进一步分析显示,城市活动是成都地表水天然水化学变化的主要驱动因素,表现在污水排放对水体Cl^-和Na⁺升高的显著贡献,和人为酸性气体排放导致的水体总硬度/碱度>1.对比岷、沱江20世纪60年代天然水化学数据说明,目前水体Cl^-/Na⁺比已显著升高,尽管水体尚未出现天然水化学性质的根本变化,但已表现出一定的盐渍化趋势.作为距长江源头最近的特大型城市,成都市对长江水系天然水化学的影响及其环境效应值得进一步关注.     

应用稳态模型计算中国南方地表水的硫沉降临界负荷

为了解我国地表水体对酸沉降的响应情况,应用基于酸度平衡的稳态模型计算我国南方地表水的硫沉降临界负荷.文中根据我国实际情况获得了计算地表水背景硫酸盐浓度的经验公式.结果表明,我国南方绝大部分地表水的硫沉降临界负荷大于2.0 keq·(hm²·a)^-1,对酸沉降不敏感.临界负荷小于2.0 keq·(hm²·a)^-1的水体主要为部分山地水体.除了这部分山地水体外,其余水体的现状S沉降都没有超过临界负荷,表明它们在短期内不会发生酸化.超临界负荷的地区分布和临界负荷类似,均表现为东南沿海的福建、广东和江西3省低于西南和华中地区.对模型结果的不确定性分析表明,只要模型参数的取值在合适的范围内,参数的不确定性对结果造成的误差较小,可以接受.     

Characterization of disinfection byproduct formation potential in 13 source waters in China

The formation potential of four trihalomethanes (THMFP) and seven haloacetic acids (HAA7FP) in 13 source waters taken from four major water basin areas in China was evaluated using the simulated distribution system (SDS) chlorination method. The specific ultraviolet absorbance (SUVA254: the ratio of UV254 to dissolved organic carbon (DOC)), which ranged between 0.9 and 5.0 L/(mg m), showed that the organic compounds in di erent source waters exhibited di erent reactivities with chlorine. The HAA7FP of source waters ranged from 20 to 448 g/L and the THMFP ranged from 29 to 259 g/L. The HAA7FP concentrations were higher than the THMFP concentrations in all but one of the samples. Therefore, the risks of haloacetic acids (HAAs) should be of concern in some source waters. TCM (chloroform) and BDCM (bromodichloromethane) were the major THM constituents, while TCAA (trichloroacetic acid) and DCAA (dichloroacetic acid) were the major HAA species. Br-THM (brominated THM species) were much higher than Br- HAA (brominated HAA species), and the formation of Br-DBP (Br-THM and Br-HAA) should be of concern when the bromide concentration is over 100 g/L.     

江苏省案例地区牲畜养殖养分循环与环境效应

运用案例区域调查法和养分物质分析法,对江苏牲畜养殖场饲料、牲畜排泄物、土壤、地表及地下水体养分状况进行了调查、分析对牲畜规模养殖中的养分循环与管理及其环境效应进行了评价.研究表明,牲畜养殖中液体粪水的排放和露天堆放固体粪便的淋失易造成环境问题.地表水体之间的水力联系和地表径流是造成牲畜养殖废弃物环境问题的主要途径.虽然采取固体粪便与液体粪水相分离的方法在一定程度上减少了对环境的影响,但液体粪水仍是污染环境的主要来源.本文还对液体粪水的处理与利用、牲畜排泄物的利用与养分管理提出了建议.     

环境中砷的存在形态研究

采用氢化物发生-电热石英管-原子吸收光度法对土壤、海水、海洋生物及人尿样中不同形态的砷进行了广泛的分析测定。结论指出,土壤中砷以无机砷为主,而无机砷中又以As(Ⅴ)为主;海水和人尿中以有机胂为主;海洋生物体中也主要以有机胂形态存在。     

地表水中多环芳烃迁移转化研究进展

多环芳烃类(Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons,PAHs)物质是广泛存在于环境中的一类持久性有机污染物,具有难降解、易富集和"三致"的特点,可能严重危害人类健康和生态环境.文章主要阐述PAHs在环境中的污染,重点是对地表水环境的污染;总结PAHs在地表水环境中迁移转化研究的进展和成果,重点...     

钚同位素法示踪中国领海核爆散落物钚的主要来源与迁移途径

使用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪,对东海及冲绳海槽沉积物、南海及邻近海域以及西北太平洋表层水中240Pu/239Pu同位素比值进行了测定,以确定中国领海核爆散落核素钚的主要来源及迁移途径。结果显示:东海及冲绳海槽沉积物中240Pu/239Pu比值分布于0.24~0.31之间,南海及邻近海域以及西北太平洋表层水240Pu/239Pu比值也处于0.22~0.24之间,都明显高于全球大气理论沉降值0.18。根据240Pu/239Pu比值及其在沉积物芯中的分布特征分析,二十世纪50年代早期美国在北太平洋马绍尔群岛进行的核爆实验,被认为是中国领海及其邻近海域除全球大气沉降外的另一重要的钚的来源。模式计算显示,东海及冲绳沉积物中约55%、中国南海及其邻近海域表层水中约40%、西北太平洋表层水中约20%的钚,来自北太平洋核爆基地。北太平洋赤道环流及其在西北太平洋的分支洋流是钚自核爆地向中国领海迁移的主要通道。     

莱州湾沿岸河流对邻近海域表层水体中Chl a浓度的影响

根据2012年9月底对莱州湾沿岸河流和邻近海域表层水体中Chl a和相关环境参数的调查,分析了Chl a在该区域的分布、影响因素、富营养化状况以及变化趋势。莱州湾沿岸河流Chl a浓度平均值为51.9 g/L,邻近海域为3.9 g/L。在沿岸河流,与Chl a呈显著正相关的仅有悬浮颗粒物(SPM),而在邻近海域,与Chl a呈显著正相关的有SPM、PO4-P、NH4-N、NO3-N。氮和磷都是莱州湾近岸海域Chl a的限制因子,其中氮的限制作用较大。莱州湾沿岸河流水体的富营养化程度主要表现为过度和高度富营养化,近岸海域水体的富营养化程度则主要表现为低度富营养化。沿岸河流高浓度的氮磷汇入,将会促进莱州湾近岸海域浮游植物生长,进而导致莱州湾近岸海域Chl a浓度增加并有可能使该区域的富营养化程度增加。     

中国地表水酸化敏感性的区划

地表水体的酸化与集水区的许多环境因子密切相关,如土壤对酸的缓冲能力、基岩中和酸沉降的能力以及土地利用方式等.其中,土壤的抗酸化能力是关键因素.因此可以根据集水区土壤、基岩和土地利用方式等信息来评估地表水在不同流量下发生酸化的可能性.本研究成功地应用已有资料和数据得到了我国地表水对酸沉降的敏感性等级,并绘制了地表水酸化敏感性区划图.结果表明,我国大部分地表水对酸化并不敏感.极易酸化和较易酸化的地表水主要分布在东北的北部地区,占所有国土面积的2.67%,是该地区强酸性漂灰土、酸性母岩和针叶林植被共同作用的结果.对酸化敏感性为中级和低级,即不易酸化的地表水主要分布在东北暗棕壤地区和南方富铝土区域,占所有国土面积的15.2%.其余82.11%国土面积上的地表水对酸化不敏感,完全不可能发生酸化.北方地区主要是由于土壤的强缓冲能力,而在南方,石灰质土壤以及耕作农田的广泛分布是最重要因素.南方重酸雨区由于土壤对酸化并不很敏感,因此在短期内不会出现大面积水体酸化现象.由于东北近年来频频出现酸雨,因此东北的酸沉降必须及早防治,以免出现大面积酸化水体.     

东辽河流域地表水体中Atrazine的环境特征

在野外踏勘调查与室内分析的基础上,以GIS技术为关键数据处理平台,系统剖析了东辽河流域地表水体中莠去津(Atrazine)的含量和富集特征的时空分异;并对其影响因素进行了分析.结果表明,东辽河流域旱田分布区和非旱田分布区内地表水中Atrazine的平均含量分别为9.71μg·L^-1和8.854 μg·L^-1 ,在干流下游形成了分布的高值区;7月份是流域地表水中Atrazine含量最高的时期,最大值可达18.93μg·L^-1.水体中Atrazine的空间分布进一步表明,在东辽河流域旱田施放的Atrazine已经危及到整个流域的地表水水质,将对流域的生态环境产生严重的影响.相对于植物来说,东辽河流域Atrazine在地表水中富集的归一化指数为0.605～1.750 ;从空间分异上看,干流右侧流域形成了连片的高值区,而左侧形成了连片分布的低值区,且在下游形成富集程度的集中高值区.地表水中Atrazine相对于土壤的富集特征的空间分异与相对与植物的富集特征相类似,但其高值区和低值区都是散斑状分布.从土壤类型对水体中Atrazine含量的影响看,低位泥炭土的综合表征指数较高,泥炭沼泽土和水稻土的综合表征指数较小;从景观格局对地表水中Atrazine含量的影响看,随着斑块间相互作用能力的增强,水中Atrazine的综合表征指数逐渐升高.在一定的范     

思林水库荧光溶解性有机质的特征、来源及其转化动力学

利用三维荧光光谱(EEM)结合平行因子分析(PARAFAC),研究了思林水库冬季(1月)、春季(4月)、夏季(6月)和秋季(10月)上游入库水体、库区表层水(0 m)、库区深层水(20 m)、出库水体的荧光溶解性有机质(FDOM)不同组分的特征、来源及其转化动力学.结果表明,思林水库的溶解性有机质由3种荧光组分组成,分别是:陆源类腐殖质(C类,C1)、浮游植物源的微生物类腐殖质(M类,C2)和浮游植物源的类蛋白或类色氨酸或类酪氨酸(C3).其中陆源类腐殖质的荧光强度随着入库水、库区表层水、库区深层水和出库水逐渐减少,这表明由于光化学作用、微生物作用、大坝拦截效应等环境因素的影响,类腐殖质随着水体由入库向出库的流动而逐渐降解.相反,微生物类腐殖质(M类)的荧光强度结果表明,在入库-出库过程中,微生物类腐殖质处于产生及部分或完全降解的波动中,这表明微生物类腐殖质是浮游植物的原生产物,并且对于光化学作用、微生物作用和大坝拦截效应有很强的不稳定性.类蛋白或类色氨酸或类酪氨酸主要新产生于夏季和秋季的表层水体中,在冬季和春季表层和深层水体中也有产生;并在出库过程中逐渐减少.这表明类蛋白或类色氨酸或类酪氨酸是浮游植物的原生产物;并且它们受到光化学作用、微生物作用和大坝拦截效应的共同影响,在表层和深层水中生成和降解.因此,这些结果意味着通过平行因子分析确定的荧光溶解性有机质组分的方法,对于更好地理解溶解性有机质在水库水体的转化动力学机制至关重要.     

我国河流湖泊砷污染研究进展

对我国14个省27处河流湖泊砷污染现状进行了归纳,认为我国河流湖泊砷污染严重,大部分水系中砷含量超过世界淡水砷背景值,最高达到1.9mg/L;水体表层底泥中砷含量范围为4.0～980.6mg/kg,44.5%的水体底泥属于中度及以上砷污染水平,矿业活动是导致砷污染的重要原因之一。在分析河流和湖泊中砷存在形态的基础上,简要探讨了砷的迁移转化过程及影响因素,我国水系表层沉积物中的砷以残渣态为主。比较了6种水体除砷方法,认为土壤法处理云南砷污染地表水更符合廉价、高效的原位修复技术要求。认为未来应加强对沉积物中砷形态的研究,并对河流和湖泊等地表水中砷的迁移转化做出系统的解释。     

平寨水库荧光溶解性有机质的来源、特征及其动态转化

利用三维激发发射矩阵光谱(3-D EEM)和平行因子分析,研究了三岔河流域平寨水库溶解有机质的来源、组成和转化情况。在平寨水库的入库水、表层水(0～5 m)、深层水(10～60 m)和出库水中,检测到了几种荧光溶解有机质组分,分别为陆源类腐殖质、自源类腐殖质和浮游植物源的类蛋白质(或类色氨酸或类酪氨酸)。陆源类腐殖质的荧光强度在入库水中略高于出库水,表明陆源类腐殖质在水库系统中相对稳定,大坝截流对其影响不大。自源类腐殖质的荧光强度在库区明显高于入库水和出库水,表明自源类腐殖质既由自源有机物分解产生,又在光化学、微生物和大坝物理拦截过程的影响下发生分解;其他荧光组分中也检测到相似的结果。水温、pH、溶解氧和有色溶解有机质表现出相似的季节变化,光化学和微生物以及大坝拦截是引起水库入库水、库区表层水、库区深层水和出库水中荧光溶解有机质时空动态变化的主要原因。     

重庆青木关地下河流域水中多环芳烃的污染和迁移特征

为探究典型岩溶槽谷区重庆青木关地下河流域水中多环芳烃(PAHs)的含量、组成、来源及污染特征,于2014年对青木关地下河流域中3种不同类型水体进行了连续7个月的采样监测,并利用气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC-MS)测定了水中16种优控多环芳烃含量.结果表明,地下河水、表层岩溶泉水和地表水中∑PAHs含量变化范围分别为73.9~339.0、76.2~212.0和81.9~272.0 ng·L-1,平均值分别为134、138和173ng·L-1;PAHs组成以2~3环为主,平均占总含量的82%.通过对PAHs的组成对比分析表明,PAHs在迁移过程中地下环境介质对PAHs存在吸附作用.燃烧源是流域内水中PAHs的主要来源,PAHs污染水平较低,个别中低环PAHs含量超过水质标准,高环PAHs超标仅出现在2014年11月的地表水和地下河出口水样中.