原子荧光法测定水中锑的不确定度

对原子荧光法测定水中锑的不确定度进行评定,分析不确定度的来源,计算出该方法的扩展相对不确定度为2.4%。     

Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH): A new application in the delineation of true vs. pseudomosaicism in prenatal diagnosis

Metaphase chromosomes and interphase nuclei from nine amniotic fluid cultures were studied with fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). The samples were initially analyzed with routine G-banding and were diagnosed as having true mosaicism (five patients) or pseudomosaicism (four patients). In our study, FISH analysis could provide additional information to distinguish pseudo– from true mosaicism by allowing interphase studies and analysis of an increased number of metaphase spreads. These results suggest a multilinear origin of ‘in situ’ colonies of cells.     

海面溢油的荧光光谱鉴别法述评

介绍了荧光光谱技术在鉴别海面溢油中的应用和进展。根据荧光光谱的三维特性 ,分别阐述了普通荧光光谱、同步荧光扫描光谱、可变角同步扫描光谱、三维荧光光谱等不同荧光光谱的“指纹”信息特征 ,并介绍了导数荧光法、低温荧光法、磷光光谱法等辅助鉴别方法     

Relating Cd2 + binding by humic acids to molecular weight: A modeling and spectroscopic study

Molecular weight(Mw) is a fundamental property of humic acids(HAs), which considerably affect the mobility and speciation of heavy metals in the environment. In this study, soil humic acid(HA) extracted from Jinyun Mountain, Chongqing was ultra-filtered into four fractions according to the molecular weight, and their properties were characterized.Complexation of cadmium was investigated by titration experiments. For the first time,Langmuir and non-ideal competitive adsorption-Donna(NICA-Donnan) models combined with fluorescence excitation-emission matrix(EEM) quenching were employed to elucidate the binding characteristics of individual Mw fractions of HA. The results showed that the concentration of acidic functional groups decreased with increasing Mw, especially the phenolic groups. The humification degree and aliphaticity increased with increasing Mw as indicated by elemental composition analysis and FT-IR spectra. The binding capacity of Cd~(2+) to Mw fractions of HA followed the order UF1( 5 kDa) UF2(5–10 kDa) UF4( 30 kDa) UF3(10–30 kDa). Moreover, the distribution of cadmium speciation indicated that the phenolic groups were responsible for the variations in binding of Cd~(2+) among different Mw fractions. The results of fluorescence quenching illustrated that the binding capacity of Cd~(2+) to Mw fractions was controlled by the content of functional groups, while the binding affinity was largely influenced by structural factors. The results provide a better understanding of the roles that different HA Mw fractions play in heavy metal binding,which has important implications in the control of heavy metal migration and bio-toxicity.     

A hydroxyl radical detection system using gas expansion and fast gating laser-induced fluorescence techniques

An OH radical measurement instrument based on Fluorescence Assay by Gas Expansion(FAGE)has been developed in our laboratory.Ambient air is introduced into a low-pressure fluorescence cell through a pinhole aperture and irradiated by a dye laser at a high repetition rate of 8.5 k Hz.The OH radical is both excited and detected at 308 nm using A-X(0,0)band.To satisfy the high efficiency needs of fluorescence collection and detection,a 4-lens optical system and a self-designed gated photomultiplier(PMT)is used,and gating is actualized by switching the voltage applied on the PMT dynodes.A micro channel photomultiplier(MCP)is also prepared for fluorescence detection.Then the weak signal is accumulated by a photon counter in a specific timing.The OH radical excitation spectrum range in the wavelength of 307.82–308.2 nm is detected and the excited line for OH detection is determined to be Q_1(2)line.The calibration of the FAGE system is researched by using simultaneous photolysis of H_2O and O_2.The minimum detection limit of the instrument using gated PMT is determined to be 9.4×10~5molecules/cm~3,and the sensitivity is 9.5×10~(-7)cps/(OH·cm~(-3)),with a signal-to-noise ratio of 2 and an integration time of 60 sec,while OH detection limit and the detection sensitivity using MCP is calculated to be 1.6×10~5molecules/cm~3and 2.3×10~(-6)cps/(OH·cm~(-3)).The laboratory OH radical measurement is carried out and results show that the proposed system can be used for atmospheric OH radical measurement.     

氢化物-原子荧光光谱法测定土壤中硒

通过对比实验选择了最佳的仪器测定条件、主要试剂的浓度及土壤的前处理方式。实验结果表明：采用HN03-HClO4酸体系在沙浴中对土壤进行消解，硒的检出限为0．02mg/kg；线性范围为0ug/L～200ug/L；平均回收率可达100％～103％。方法经土壤国家标准物质中硒的测定验证，结果与标准值相符。     

水质沙门氏菌群的MUCAP试验初步研究

利用沙门氏菌分解底物形万物地征性荧光的特性，建立了水质沙门氏菌群的”酶－底物“快速检测方法。检测试剂由上医大实验室自行合成，经红外，质谱，核磁共振分析，证明其结构与国报道一致，纯度可达９９．９９％。ＭＵＣＡＰ试验的反应参数；底物最家度为３７．５μｇ／ｍｌ，反应最适ＰＨ为７．２－７．４。细菌密度和荧光强度随着培养时间增加而增加，敏感度为１０＾６只／ｍｌ，该检测法有较高特异，水中常见的１０种细菌未有明     

原子荧光光谱法测定空气中硒化氢的不确定度评定

依据JJF1059.1-2012,确立测量结果和不确定度评价的数学模型,从采集气样体积和采气后滤膜消解液待测物浓度和定容体积三个部分,A类不确定度和B类不确定度二个方面评定测量过程的不确定度,量化各不确定度分量。本次测量相对合成标准不确定度为0.024,较大的不确定度是样品浓度测量过程中的A类不确定度,主要由标准曲线测量和样品测量随机偏差引入,分量值分别为0.013和0.011。本次测量结果为0.169±0.008mg/m3(包含区间在0.161～0.177mg/m3),k=2。即在包含概率约为95%的条件下,可以判定该工作场所空气中硒化氢的含量已经超过了PC-TWA标准限值。     

北京西山采石场不同自然恢复期主要植物叶绿素荧光特征

本次调查中共记录到35种植物,其中矿区28种植物,非矿区27种植物。矿区和非矿区共有种有20种。测定同时出现在矿区及非矿区的8种植物的荧光动力学曲线,发现白莲蒿(A.sacrorum)、臭椿(Ailanthus altissima)、杠柳(Periplo-ca sepium)、黄栌(Cotinus coggygria)及荆条(Vitex negundo Var.Canna-bifolia)在矿区和非矿区生长状况差异不显著。胡枝子(Lespedeza bicolo)、酸枣(Ziziphus jujuba var.spinosa)及榆树(Ulmus pumila)在矿区生长良好,这说明矿区恶劣的土质条件虽然影响着一些植物的生长,但是良好的光照条件却为这些植物的生长提供更多的机会。     

水体有色溶解有机质的研究进展

有色溶解有机质（CDOM）是溶解有机质（DOM）的重要组成部分,它影响着碳的生物地球化学循环,为水生微生物提供重要的碳源和能源。文章介绍了国内外CDOM的研究进展和动态．主要包括CDOM的紫外吸收光谱研究,荧光光谱研究,并对CDOM中主要成分的荧光峰位置及峰值变化、来源进行论述．最后对CDOM的研究重点作了展望。     

地表水和地下水中的砷、硒同时测定

通过利用双道原子荧光法,同时对地表水和地下水样品中砷、硒进行测定,具有操作更加简单、监测分析速度快、节省试剂等优点。     

原子荧光光谱法测定土壤中的汞

采用微波消解土壤并结合螯合树脂类SPE预处理柱去除消解液中重金属,原子荧光光谱法测定土壤中的汞。本方法前处理操作过程简单,用酸量少,避免了测定元素的挥发损失,汞加标回收率为92．8％-104．5％,方法准确度与精密度均令人满意。     

氯化对二级处理出水中溶解性有机物荧光特性的影响

以哈尔滨市W污水处理厂为研究对象,利用XAD树脂对二级处理出水中的溶解性有机物(DOM)进行分级分离.按照DOM在不同树脂上的吸附特性将其分为5个部分:疏水性有机酸(HPO-A)、疏水性中性有机物(HPO-N)、过渡亲水性有机酸(TPI-A)、过渡亲水性中性有机物(TPI-N)和亲水性有机物(HPI).考察了DOM各组分在氯化过程中荧光特性的变化.研究结果表明,DOM中的类腐殖酸荧光物质、类溶解性微生物代谢产物荧光物质和类芳香族蛋白质荧光物质参与了氯化反应.此外,HPO-A、HPO-N、TPI-A和TPI-N中的类富里酸荧光物质,HPO-A、HPO-N和TPI-A中带有3～5个稠合苯环的芳香族化合物,以及HPO-N中的萘及其衍生物与氯反应.TPI-N和HPI与氯反应后,生成了具有多环芳香结构的荧光物质.HPI与氯反应后生成了类富里酸荧光团.各DOM组分与氯反应后,在激发波长为320nm的荧光发射光谱图上波长大于与该光谱图上最高荧光强度对应的波长的范围内,与最高荧光强度的一半等值的荧光强度相对应的波长变短,其中以TPI-N和HPI最为显著.而这种现象在激发波长为280nm和370nm的荧光发射光谱图却没有被观察到.     

水杨基荧光酮光度法测定水中钛

本文研究了水杨基荧光酮光度法测定水中钛的实验方法,分析了表面活性剂溴代十六烷基三甲胺加入量对实验灵敏度影响,最佳显色时间,测定了地表水源地水中的钛。     

光导纤维氨气敏荧光传感器的研制和应用

以大环冠醚为铵离子中性载体，吖啶橙为荧光ＰＨ指示剂，二者结合于增塑的ＰＶＣ膜中，样品氨浓度变化直接引起膜的荧光强度变化。基于该原理研制成不需内电解质溶液的光导纤维氨气敏荧光传感器。用以测定生活污水的氨氮，精密度实验的平均变异系数为０．９－１．３％；回收率为９５．４％－１０５．６％。     

Removal of fluorescence and ultraviolet absorbance of dissolved organic matter in reclaimed water by solar light

Storing reclaimed water in lakes is a widely used method of accommodating changes in the consumption of reclaimed water during wastewater reclamation and reuse. Solar light serves as an important function in degrading pollutants during storage, and its effect on dissolved organic matter(DOM) was investigated in this study. Solar light significantly decreased the UV_(254) absorbance and fluorescence(FLU) intensity of reclaimed water.However, its effect on the dissolved organic carbon(DOC) value of reclaimed water was very limited. The decrease in the UV_(254) absorbance intensity and FLU excitation–emission matrix regional integration volume(FLU volume) of reclaimed water during solar light irradiation was fit with pseudo-first order reaction kinetics. The decrease of UV_(254) absorbance was much slower than that of the FLU volume. Ultraviolet light in solar light had a key role in decreasing the UV_(254) absorbance and FLU intensity during solar light irradiation. The light fluence-based removal kinetic constants of the UV_(254) and FLU intensity were independent of light intensity. The peaks of the UV_(254) absorbance and FLU intensity with an apparent molecular weight(AMW) of 100 Da to 2000 Da decreased after solar irradiation, whereas the DOC value of the major peaks did not significantly change.     

Rapid detection of aneuploidy in uncultured chorionic villus cells using fluorescence in situ hybridization

Rapid detection of aneuploidy using chromosome-specific repetitive DNA probes and the potential diagnostic accuracy of fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) on interphase cells of chorionic villus samples (CVS) are presented. Analyses demonstrated the ability to correctly identify aneuploidy using FISH in uncultured CVS. Our preliminary investigation suggests that this technique offers a significant clinical potential to circumvent problems of culture, time, and cost in cytogenetic analysis.     

Vulcan_(42)消解—原子荧光测定土壤和沉积物中的砷汞

建立了全自动样品处理系统Vulcan 42-原子荧光光度法测定土壤和沉积物中砷和汞的方法。准确称取0.2500 g样品,经Vulcan42全自动消解系统消解后,采用原子荧光光度计测定砷和汞的含量。运用该方法砷的检出限为0.11 mg/kg,回收率在96%¹01%之间,相对标准偏差(n=6)在1.3%101%之间,相对标准偏差(n=6)在1.3%⁴.5%之间;汞的检出限为0.003 mg/kg,回收率在90%4.5%之间;汞的检出限为0.003 mg/kg,回收率在90%¹08%之间,相对标准偏差(n=6)在0.5%108%之间,相对标准偏差(n=6)在0.5%⁴.7%之间。     

Identification of abnormal chromosomal complement in formalin-fixed,paraffin-embedded placental tissue

The objective of this project was to assess the efficacy of fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with chromosome-specific DNA probes to identify chromosome number in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded placental specimens. Using this approach, 75 per cent of the karyotypes in 20 formalin-fixed placental samples (comprising aneuploids, triploids, and normals) were correctly identified. As this technology improves, the ability to obtain information regarding chromosomal abnormalities in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded placental tissue should improve as well. This technology can potentially provide important cytogenetic information even when fresh tissue is not available for standard karyotypic analysis.     

FISH方法解析大辽河入海口沉积物中微生物的垂直分布特征

取大辽河人海口柱状沉积物,通过寡核苷酸荧光探针原位杂交(FISH)方法分析了沉积物中微生物数量及种群的垂直分布特征,并考察了沉积物理化特性对微生物丰度的影响.结果表明,用5-(4,6-二氯三嗪基)氨基荧光素(简称DTAF)染料染色及EUB338探针杂交检测出的微生物细胞总数及细菌数量随沉积物深度呈现相同变化趋势.在沉积物表层(0-5cm)和中间层(23.5-29.5 cm)数量相对较高.细胞总数为7.9×108-20.1×108cell·cm-3,细菌数量为5.1×108-14.4×108个·cm-3,细菌检出率平均值为75.4%.用ALF1b、BET42a和GAM42a探针检测出α-、β和γ-变形杆菌在柱状沉积物中的普遍存在,α-、β和γ-变形杆菌检出量占细胞总数的25.O%-65.6%,其中以γ-变形杆菌为优势菌,其检出率为9.8%-40.8%.用ARCH915探针检测出的古细菌数量占细胞总量的1.0%-11.8%.总体看来,沉积物中微生物数量与沉积物的粘土含量呈正相关,在一定程度上受总有机碳影响,但与汞含量关系不明显.