福建省4种主要乔木枝叶燃烧含碳物质排放特性分析

森林可燃物燃烧释放的大量含碳物质对大气环境和生态系统碳平衡具有重要影响,揭示森林可燃物燃烧的含碳物质排放特性具有重要的科学意义.运用自主设计的生物质燃烧系统,模拟福建省4种主要乔木树种——马尾松、杉木、樟树、桉树的枝、叶燃烧,分析其在不同燃烧状态（阴燃、明燃）下含碳气体（CO、CO₂、C_xH_y）和PM_2.5的排放因子（分别以EF_CO2、EF_CO、EF_CxHy、EF_PM2.5表示）及PM_2.5中的碳质组分之间的差异性.结果表明,马尾松、杉木、樟树、桉树燃烧排放的含碳气体、PM_2.5的排放因子及PM_2.5的碳质组分在不同燃烧状态下差异较大,阴燃时EF_CO2、EF_CO、EF_CxHy、EF_PM2.5平均值在分别为（1 400.7±76.5）（297.6±16.2）（25.2±3.9）（23.9±4.3）g/kg,明燃时分别为（1 582.8±73.2）（253.6±16.1）（17.2±3.7）（8.4±2.8）g/kg,除CO₂外其他多为阴燃显著高于明燃.针叶树种（杉木、马尾松）枝、叶在阴燃时EF_PM2.5高于阔叶树种（樟树、桉树）,而明燃时差异相对较小.PM_2.5中OC（有机碳）、EC（元素碳）、TC（OC+EC）的质量分数阴燃时分别为45.6%、12.0%、57.6%,明燃时分别为42.9%、17.6%、60.5%.EF_OC/EF_PM2.5、EF_EC/EF_PM2.5、EF_OC/EF_EC在两种燃烧状态下具有不同的特征,其特征值可作为区分不同燃烧源或不同燃烧状态的指标;EF_OC/EF_PM2.5在明燃和阴燃时差异不大,平均值分别为0.49、0.46;EF_EC/EF_PM2.5明燃显著高于阴燃,平均值分别为0.18、0.12;4种乔木的枝、叶燃烧的EF_OC/EF_EC明燃低于阴燃,平均值分别为2.59和4.01.在两种燃烧状态下OC与PM_2.5的排放因子均呈显著相关.研究显示,不同燃烧条件以及不同燃料燃烧对排放含碳物质具有显著影响.      

Emissions of parent, nitrated, and oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from indoor corn straw burning in normal and controlled combustion conditions

Emission factors （EFs） of parent polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons （pPAHs）, nitrated PAHs （nPAHs）, and oxygenated PAHs （oPAHs） were measured for indoor corn straw burned in a brick cooking stove under different burning conditions. The EFs of total 28 pPAHs, 6 nPAHs and 4 oPAHs were （7.9 ±3.4）, （6.5 ±1.6）×10^-3, and （6.1 ±1.4）×10^-1mg/kg, respectively. Fuel charge size had insignificant influence on the pollutant emissions. Measured EFs increased significantly in a fast burning due to the oxygen deficient atmosphere formed in the stove chamber. In both restricted and enhanced air supply conditions, the EFs of pPAHs, nPAHs and oPAHs were significantly higher than those measured in normal burning conditions. Though EFs varied among different burning conditions, the composition profiles and calculated isomer ratios were similar, without significant differences. The results from the stepwise regression model showed that fuel burning rate, air supply amount, and modified combustion efficiency were the three most significant influencing factors, explaining 72%-85% of the total variations.     

森林生物质燃烧烟尘中的有机碳和元素碳

选取10种乔木制备风干树枝、新鲜树枝两种类型的样品,通过自制的生物质燃烧装置模拟阴、明燃两种燃烧方式燃烧制备的树枝样品,采集排放的烟尘,并使用DRI2001A热/光分析仪测定样品中的有机碳(OC)、元素碳(EC).结果表明,风干树枝明燃排放烟尘中OC的排放因子(EFOC)、EC的排放因子(EFEC)、PM的排放因子(EFPM)均值分别为6.8、2.1、16.5g·kg-1,阴燃排放烟尘中均值分别为57.5、11.1、130.9 g·kg-1;新鲜树枝明燃排放烟尘中EFOC、EFEC、EFPM均值分别为13.6、3.3、30.5 g·kg-1,阴燃排放烟尘中均值分别为57.6、9.6、125.6 g·kg-1.树枝(风干树枝、新鲜树枝)阴燃时EFOC、EFEC、EFPM均高于明燃时,在明燃(高温度)条件下含水率与树枝燃烧时EFOC、EFEC、EFPM是呈正相关关系.树枝燃烧烟尘中OC、EC、TC(TC=OC+EC)占PM的百分比约为45%、10%、55%,乔木树枝阴燃排放烟尘中OC的质量分数高于明燃,EC的质量分数低于明燃.新鲜树枝排放烟尘中OC的质量分数高于风干树枝,EC的质量分数低于风干树枝.风干树枝明燃条件下OC/EC的均值为3.3(2.5~5.2),阴燃条件下均值为5.2(4.3~6.3);新鲜树枝明燃条件下OC/EC的均值为4.1(3.1~5.3),阴燃条件下均值为6.2(4.2~8.4),乔木树枝阴燃时OC/EC的值高于明燃,含水率高的乔木树枝(新鲜树枝)燃烧排放烟尘中OC/EC的值高于含水率低的树枝(风干树枝).风干树枝燃烧烟尘中OC、EC的相关系数为0.985,新鲜树枝燃烧烟尘中OC、EC的相关系数为0.915,含水率不同的乔木树枝(风干树枝、新鲜树枝)在不同燃烧条件下(明燃、阴燃)排放烟尘中OC与EC都具有良好的相关性.     

长三角地区秸秆燃烧排放因子与颗粒物成分谱研究

为获取长三角地区秸秆燃烧污染物排放因子及其颗粒物成分谱,利用自行设计开发的开放式燃烧源排放测试系统,选取小麦、水稻、油菜、豆秸和薪柴等5类典型作物秸秆,分别采用露天焚烧和炉灶燃烧2种燃烧方式,实测其气态污染物和颗粒物排放特征.结果表明,露天燃烧各类秸秆的CO、NOx和PM2.5平均排放因子约为28.7、1.2和2.65 g·kg-1,由于炉灶氧含量相对较低,燃烧不充分,其污染物排放因子总体高于露天燃烧,分别为81.9、2.1和8.5 g·kg-1.各类秸秆中,油菜的排放水平相对较高.含碳组分(OC和EC)是生物质秸秆燃烧产生PM2.5的主要组成,在露天燃烧中OC和EC的质量分数分别占(38.92±13.93)%和(5.66±1.54)%;炉灶燃烧中OC和EC分别为(26.37±10.14)%和(18.97±10.76)%.Cl-、K+等水溶性离子也有较大贡献,在露天燃烧中分别为(13.27±6.82)%和(12.41±3.02)%;在炉灶燃烧中分别为(16.25±9.34)%和(13.62±7.91)%.小麦、水稻、油菜和豆秸等作物秸秆露天燃烧排放颗粒物的K+/OC值分别为0.30、0.52、0.49和0.15,这些特征值可用于判断长三角区域空气质量受秸秆燃烧排放影响的程度,为大气污染来源解析提供直接的判断依据.     

生物质燃烧排放PM2.5中无机离子及有机组分的分布特征

为探讨生物质在明火和阴燃两种不同条件下PM_(2.5)及主要成分的排放差异,选取了7种具有代表性的生物质样品(小麦、水稻、马尾松叶、马尾松枝、杂草、玉米、棉花)进行了燃烧实验,并对PM_(2.5)样品中的7种主要水溶性离子(Na~+、NH_4~+、K~+、Ca~(2+)、Cl~-、NO_3~-、SO_4~(2-))及有机碳(OC)、元素碳(EC)、水溶性有机碳(WSOC)、有机酸和左旋葡聚糖(LG)等有机成分进行了分析.结果表明,明火和阴燃条件下PM_(2.5)的排放因子分别为2.82~7.74 mg·g~(-1)和3.24~22.56 mg·g~(-1),阴燃时的排放因子偏高,不同燃料类型也存在一定差异.燃烧排放PM_(2.5)中水溶性离子以Cl~-为最高,占总离子的比例为72%~94%,且与NH_4~+存在显著正相关关系,水溶性离子整体表现为明火条件下的浓度显著高于阴燃条件下的浓度.受阴燃条件下氧气不足的影响,PM_(2.5)中有机组分的浓度表现为阴燃高于明火,进而导致阴燃时PM_(2.5)的排放因子增加.水稻秸秆燃烧烟尘中3种来源特征比值(LG/PM_(2.5)、LG/OC和LG/WSOC)仅为小麦和玉米秸秆燃烧排放相应比值均值的0.34、0.24和0.27倍,表明在不同农作物的收获季节采用上述特征比值进行生物质燃烧来源估算时,应区别对待.     

Influence of fuel moisture, charge size, feeding rate and air ventilation conditions on the emissions of PM, OC, EC, parent PAHs, and their derivatives from residential wood combustion

Controlled combustion experiments were conducted to investigate the influence of fuel charge size, moisture, air ventilation and feeding rate on the emission factors (EFs) of carbonaceous particulate matter, parent polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (pPAHs) and their derivatives from residential wood combustion in a typical brick cooking stove. Measured EFs were found to be independent of fuel charge size, but increased with increasing fuel moisture. Pollution emissions from the normal burning under an adequate air supply condition were the lowest for most pollutants, while more pollutants were emitted when an oxygen deficient atmosphere was formed in the stove chamber during fast burning. The impacts of these factors on the size distribution of emitted particles was also studied. Modified combustion efficiency and the four investigated factors explained 68%, 72%, and 64% of total variations in EFs of PM, organic carbon, and oxygenated PAHs, respectively, but only 36%, 38% and 42% of the total variations in EFs of elemental carbon, pPAHs and nitro-PAHs, respectively.     

华东地区2000-2014年间秸秆燃烧排放PM2.5时空动态变化

秸秆燃烧释放大量细小颗粒物（Fine Particulate Matter）,对大气环境、生态系统和人类健康有重要影响.该研究基于2000-2014年中国华东地区农作物产量统计数据,估算各区域秸秆产量及室内外农作物秸秆燃烧总量.并运用排放因子法,估算15年间华东地区农作物秸秆燃烧PM_2.5排放总量.研究结果表明,华东地区秸秆产量及燃烧总量分别为：2033.2 Mt和32678.59 Wt,PM_2.5的排放总量为851.95 Wt.此外,PM_2.5排放在时间和空间上不均衡.卫星火点监测数据显示,农田秸秆燃烧密集区域主要分布在山东南部、安徽北部、江苏和浙江东北部及上海市大部分地区;单位网格PM_2.5最大的排放量多集中在山东、安徽北部、江苏中部和北部、浙江东北部和上海区域.时间序列上,山东、江苏和安徽呈显著增长趋势,上海、福建和浙江呈显著降低趋势.稻谷、小麦、玉米、豆类和油菜秸秆燃烧对污染物PM_2.5的贡献率分别为32.45%、30.18%、18.95%、3.77%和14.65%.农作物秸秆燃烧释放PM_2.5与工业粉尘的排放比变化趋势表明山东、安徽和江苏总体呈上升趋势;上海、福建和浙江总体保持平稳趋势.通过对华东地区农作物秸秆燃烧释放PM_2.5的时空变化研究,为更好的揭示秸秆燃烧对区域环境的影响提供数据支持.     

稻草烟尘中有机碳/元素碳及水溶性离子的组成

选取我国6种稻草,通过自制的生物质焚烧装置模拟秸秆露天焚烧.采用Model 2001A热/光分析仪和ISC 2000/ISC3000离子色谱仪测定了阴燃、明燃烟尘中有机碳(OC)、元素碳(EC)与水溶性离子的含量.结果表明,明燃条件下稻草中OC排放因子(EFOC)均值为(6.37±1.86)g·kg-1,EC排放因子(EFEC)均值为(1.07±0.30)g·kg-1;阴燃条件下稻草中EFOC均值为(37.63±6.26)g·kg-1,EFEC均值为(4.98±1.42)g·kg-1.同一品种稻草燃烧排放出的PM、OC与EC变化趋势一致.明燃时稻草中的OC/EC均值为5.96,阴燃时比值均值为7.80,OC/PM几乎不受燃烧状态的影响,阴燃、明燃时EC/PM分别在0.06~0.08、0.08~0.11范围内,通过EC/PM比值可以初步判断燃烧状态的趋势,两种燃烧方式中排放的OC、EC相关性达到0.97,在0.01水平上相关性显著.阴离子中,Cl-含量最高,明燃时稻草中Cl-的排放因子均值为(0.246±0.150)g·kg-1,阴燃下为(0.301±0.274)g·kg-1,明燃时K+排放因子均值为(0.118±0.051)g·kg-1,阴燃时排放因子远低于明燃排放量,均值为(0.053±0.031)g·kg-1.水溶性Na+在阴燃条件下的排放因子均高于明燃状态下的排放.明燃条件下水溶性离子间的相关性比阴燃时显著.通过OC/EC比值可以将稻草与石化燃料及其他一些生物质燃烧区分开,而水溶性离子中的K+/Na+、Cl-/Na+比值也可以将稻草与一些树木类焚烧区别开来.     

Local PM10 and PM2.5 emission inventories from agricultural tillage and harvest in northeastern China

Mineral particles or particulate matters(PMs) emitted during agricultural activities are major recurring sources of atmospheric aerosol loading.However,precise PM inventory from agricultural tillage and harvest in agricultural regions is challenged by infrequent local emission factor(EF) measurements.To understand PM emissions from these practices in northeastern China,we measured EFs of PM_(10) and PM_(2.5) from three field operations(i.e.,tilling,planting and harvesting) in major crop production(i.e.,corn and soybean),using portable real-time PM analyzers and weather station data.County-level PM_(10) and PM_(2.5) emissions from agricultural tillage and harvest were estimated,based on local EFs,crop areas and crop calendars.The EFs averaged(107 ± 27),(17 ± 5) and 26 mg/m~2 for field tilling,planting and harvesting under relatively dry conditions(i.e.,soil moisture 15%),respectively.The EFs of PM from field tillage and planting operations were negatively affected by topsoil moisture.The magnitude of PM_(10) and PM_(2.5) emissions from these three activities were estimated to be 35.1 and 9.8 kilotons/yr in northeastern China,respectively,of which Heilongjiang Province accounted for approximately45%.Spatiotemporal distribution showed that most PM_(10) emission occurred in April,May and October and were concentrated in the central regions of the northeastern plain,which is dominated by dryland crops.Further work is needed to estimate the contribution of agricultural dust emissions to regional air quality in northeastern China.     

Investigation on emission factors of particulate matter and gaseous pollutants from crop residue burning

Emission factors of particulate matter (PM), element carbon (EC), organic carbon (OC), SO_2, NO_x, CO, CO_2, and ten ions (Na~ , NH_4~ , K~ , Mg~(2 ), Ca~(2 ), F~-, Cl~-, NO_2~-, NO_3~-, SO_4~(2-)) were estimated from the domestic burning of four types of commonly produced crop residues in rural China: rice straw, wheat straw, corn stover, and cotton stalk, which were collected from the representative regions across China. A combustion tower was designed to simulate the cooking conditions under which the peasants burned their crop residues in rural China, to measure the emission factors. Results showed that wheat straw had the highest emission factor for the total PM (8.75 g/kg) among the four crop residues, whereas, corn stover and wheat straw have the highest emission factor for EC (0.95 g/kg) and OC (3.46 g/kg), respectively. Corn stover also presents as having the highest emission factors of NO, NO_x, and CO_2, whereas, wheat straw, rice straw, and cotton stalk had the highest emission factors of NO_2, SO_2, and CO, respectively. The water-soluble ions, K~ and Cl~-, had the highest emission factors from all the crops. Wheat straw had a relatively higher emission factor of cation species and F~-, Cl~-, NO_2~- than other residues.     

生物质露天焚烧及家庭燃用的多环芳烃排放特征研究

农村地区生物质燃烧排放是大气多环芳烃(PAHs)的重要来源之一.本研究利用建立的烟尘罩稀释通道采样系统,对我国典型的生物质燃烧方式—水稻、玉米、花生、大豆秸秆的家庭炉灶燃烧,并对水稻、玉米、花生秸秆以及荔枝树、大叶榕、小叶榕等落叶的露天焚烧进行实验室模拟,实测了秸秆野外焚烧、落叶野外焚烧、秸秆炉灶燃烧等3种典型生物质燃烧类型排放的气相及颗粒相PAHs的排放因子.结果表明,本研究生物质露天焚烧PAHs排放因子高于大部分已有实验结果,秸秆炉灶燃烧PAHs排放因子亦高于大部分排放清单采用值.3类燃料燃烧排放PAHs的谱分布相近,均以中低环PAHs为主,中高环(4~6环)PAHs比例为22.2%~28.8%.采用某单一数值作为某类源PAHs特征比的取值,并将其运用于大气PAHs的来源解析可能会造成偏差.     

The comparison of source contributions from residential coal and low-smoke fuels,using CMB modeling,in South Africa

D-grade residential coal is being widely used as a fuel source for heating and cooking by most of the lower-income urban communities in South Africa. Emissions from residential coal combustion have been a major cause of elevated air pollution levels in the industrialized areas of South Africa. The adverse health effects resulting from exposure to residential coal combustion emissions have been a major public concern for many years. To address this, the Department of Minerals and Energy of South Africa conducted a macro-scale experiment in the township of Qalabotjha during the winter of 1997 to assess the technical and social benefits of combusting low-smoke fuels.This paper reports the PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ chemical mass-balance (CMB) source apportionment results from Qalabotjha during a 30-day sampling period, including a 10-day period when a large proportion of low-smoke fuels was combusted. Though emission rates of D-grade coal and low-smoke fuels may vary, their chemical abundances are too similar to be separated in CMB calculations. The source apportionment study confirmed that residential coal combustion is by far the greatest source of air pollution, accounting for 62.1% of PM_2.5 and 42.6% of PM₁₀ at the three Qalabotjha sites. Biomass burning is also a major source, accounting for 13.8% of PM_2.5 and 19.9% of PM₁₀. Fugitive dust is only significant in the coarse particle fraction, accounting for 11.3% of PM₁₀. Contributions from secondary ammonium sulfate are three–four times greater than from ammonium nitrate, accounting for 5–6% of PM mass. Minor contributions (less than 1%) were found for power plant fly ash, motor vehicle exhaust, and agricultural lime. Average PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ mass decreased by 20 and 25%, respectively, from the D-grade coal combustion period (days 1–10) to the majority of the low-smoke fuel period (days 11–20). Relative source contribution estimates (SCE) were quite similar among the three sampling periods for PM_2.5, and were quite different for PM₁₀ during the second period when 14% higher residential coal combustion and 9% lower biomass burning source contributions were found.     

秸秆压块与燃煤供热系统生命周期环境排放对比研究

为证明采用秸秆压块燃料替代煤炭进行供热的可持续性,对秸秆压块和燃煤供热系统的生命周期环境排放进行了对比分析.基于我国2012年投入产出表,构建了投入产出生命周期评价(IO-LCA)和过程生命周期评价(PLCA)相结合的混合生命周期评价(Hybrid-LCA)模型,核算了玉米秸秆压块和燃煤供热系统供应1 GJ热的生命周期CO2、SO2、NOx和PM2.5排放.结果显示,秸秆压块供热系统的生命周期CO2排放量为7 kg·GJ-1热,比燃煤供热排放减少121 kg.此外,秸秆压块供热系统比燃煤供热系统可以分别减少SO2排放98%、NOx排放76%和PM2.5排放58%.控制原料水分,通过减少原料收集和能源转化过程中的耗损,减少能源转化过程的电力消耗以及控制原料收集半径等可以有效改进秸秆压块供热系统环境表现.     

四川省秸秆露天焚烧污染物排放清单及时空分布特征

根据收集的活动水平数据,采用排放因子法建立了四川省2012年秸秆露天焚烧污染物排放清单,并分析了污染排放的时空分布特征.结果表明,2012年四川省秸秆露天焚烧共排放SO2、NOx、NH3、CH4、NMVOC、CO、PM2.5、EC以及OC分别为1 210、12 185、2 827、20 659、40 463、292 671、39 277、1 984以及10 215 t;水稻、小麦、玉米、油菜是四大主要的焚烧作物秸秆,对污染物的总贡献率约为88%~94%;秸秆露天焚烧受农作收获的影响,全年的排放主要集中在7~8月,而5月是上半年的一个排放小高峰;秸秆焚烧排放的高值地区主要分布在成都平原、川北地区以及川南地区,川西地区排放分布相对较少;本清单的不确定性主要来自排放因子及秸秆焚烧量.     

长三角地区秸秆焚烧污染物排放清单及其在重霾污染天气模拟中的应用

根据2008年长三角地区江苏、安徽、浙江3省各地级市及上海市水稻、小麦、玉米、油菜4种农作物的年产量,结合谷草比、秸秆焚烧比例及排放因子建立了长三角地区秸秆焚烧大气污染物排放清单.结果表明：长三角地区秸秆焚烧产生的PM10、PM2.5、SO2、NOx、CO、EC、OC分别为36.8×104、14.4×104、1.5×104、9.2×104、20.8×104、2.6×104、12.2×104t.秸秆焚烧污染物排放量较大的区域主要集中在江苏中北部和安徽北部.在区域大气环境模拟系统RegAEMS中考虑秸秆焚烧源的影响,针对2008年10月底江苏一次重霾污染天气事件进行模拟,发现考虑秸秆焚烧源后模拟结果有较大的改善.秸秆焚烧可以导致区域PM10、CO浓度上升30%以上,黑碳和有机物的消光贡献明显增强.区域输送研究表明,苏中地区、外省秸秆焚烧排放源对此次重霾污染的贡献分别达到32.4%、33.3%.     

广西背景大气中生物质燃烧对碳质气溶胶组成和吸光性的影响

碳质气溶胶是大气细颗粒物（PM_2.5）的重要组成部分,对空气质量、人体健康和气候变化均有重要影响.针对生物质燃烧（BB）这一碳质气溶胶的重要来源,于2017年11月至2018年10月在广西壮族自治区背景地区采集了PM_2.5样品,分析了样品中的碳质组成、糖类化合物和水溶性棕色碳（BrC）的吸光系数（b_abs）.使用气团老化指数（AAM）校正LG浓度以消除LG降解带来的影响,进而结合贝叶斯混合模型与分子示踪剂法量化了BB对有机碳（OC）的贡献率,并通过相关性分析法探讨了BrC的可能来源.结果表明,研究期间AAM指数平均值为0.40±0.28,表示LG存在光化学降解过程.农作物秸秆是广西地区最主要的生物质燃料类型,在未考虑LG降解下,全年玉米、水稻和甘蔗秸秆焚烧排放的OC分别占总OC的22%、23%和18%;考虑LG在大气中的降解后,相对贡献率分别降低至16%、21%和17%.LG的降解会导致BB对OC的贡献率评估被低估,经过AAM指数校正后,全年BB对OC的贡献率平均值为49.0%.水溶性BrC的b_abs全年的平均值为（8.7±10.7） Mm^-1,其中BB、化石燃料燃烧以及初级生物气溶胶排放可能是BrC的重要来源.     

基于重庆本地碳成分谱的PM2.5碳组分来源分析

为了解重庆主城PM2.5中碳组分特征和来源,2012-05-02~2012-05-10日在商业区、工业区和居民区进行了PM2.5采样.利用TOR方法分析了8种碳组分,对3个不同功能区大气环境PM2.5以及燃煤尘、尾气尘(机动车尾气、船舶尾气、施工机械尾气)、生物质燃烧尘、餐饮油烟尘这6类源PM2.5中的8种碳组分进行了特征分析.在源的碳成分谱基础上,利用化学质量平衡(CMB)模型得到重庆本地PM2.5的碳来源指示组分,利用因子分析法解析出各类源对不同功能区内PM2.5碳组分的贡献率.结果表明,重庆地区燃煤尘、机动车尾气尘、船舶尾气尘、施工机械尾气尘、生物质燃烧尘、餐饮油烟尘的OC/EC值分别为6.3、3.0、1.9、1.4、12.7和31.3.EC2、EC3的高载荷指示柴油车尾气排放,OC2、OC3、OC4、OPC的高载荷指示燃煤排放,OC1、OC2、OC3、OC4、EC1指示汽油车尾气排放,OC3指示餐饮业排放,OPC指示生物质燃烧排放.商业区OC/PM2.5为17.4%,EC/PM2.5为6.9%,估算得到,二次有机碳(SOC)/OC为40.0%;工业区OC/PM2.5为15.5%,EC/PM2.5为6.6%,SOC/OC为37.4%;居民区OC/PM2.5为14.6%,EC/PM2.5为5.6%,SOC/OC为42.8%.工业区PM2.5中碳组分的主要来源为燃煤和汽油车尾气、柴油车尾气;商业区PM2.5中碳组分的主要来源为汽油车尾气、柴油车尾气和餐饮业油烟;居住区PM2.5中碳组分的主要来源为汽油车尾气、餐饮业油烟、柴油车尾气.     

Significant emission reductions of carbonaceous aerosols from residential coal burning by a novel stove

Carbonaceous aerosols (CA) are crucial components in the atmospheric PM_2.5 and derived from diverse sources. One of the major sources for CA is from the incomplete combustion of bituminous coal that has been prevailingly used by household stoves in rural areas for heating during winter. To efficiently eliminate the CA emission, a new household stove (NHS) was developed based on a novel combustion technology and CA emissions from the NHS and a traditional household stove (THS) were comparably investigated under the actual stove operation conditions in a farmer's house. Compared with the THS, the emission factors of organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), and water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC) from the NHS were reduced by 96%±1%, 98%±1%, and 91%±1% under the flaming process and 95%±1%, 96%±2%, and 83%±4% under the smoldering process, respectively. Additionally, the mass absorption efficiency of WSOC from the NHS reduced by 3 folds and the radiative forcing by WSOC relative to EC shrank remarkably by a factor of 3-8. Based on the reduction of emissions and light absorption of WSOC, the promotion of the NHS offers a possible solution to achieve the clean combustion of residential solid fuel.     

基于遥感数据的秸秆焚烧源排放清单及时空分布特征

分析秸秆焚烧事件引起的空气污染状况,常使用CMAQ、NAQPMS、WRF-CHEM等模型进行空气质量模拟,而污染源排放清单是模拟模型的关键输入.为满足模型清单输入要求,以2014年5月7日四川盆地内发生的一次由油菜秸秆焚烧引起的重污染事件为例,采用排放因子法进行污染物年排放量估算,结合卫星火点数据、土地利用数据对其进行空间特征分析,并使用Bluesky CONSUME模型估算了污染物的烟羽抬升,结合激光雷达获取了气溶胶消光系数以分析其时间特征.结果表明:以2013年为基准年,全年区域内CO、NO_x、SO₂、PM_2.5、PM₁₀及NMVOC（非甲烷挥发性有机化合物）的年排放量分别为5 791.022、193.842、43.268、574.602、1 495.350和1 495.350 t,成都市、德阳市、绵阳市、眉山市、资阳市各污染物排放量占比分别为13.90%、22.39%、31.81%、12.11%、19.79%.各污染物排放量均在地面层呈3个大值中心、2个空值带的分布趋势.采用环境1B卫星和MODIS火点数据结合提取焚烧火点分析发现,5月7日四川盆地内5个城市均存在不同程度的秸秆焚烧情况.经空间分配后发现,此次排放的重点在德阳市及绵阳市南部,污染物排放量最大值出现在德阳市中部,成都市秸秆焚烧火点最少,污染物排放量也最小.受当天大气边界层高度的影响,污染物垂直分布主要集中在35 m以下,并在30 m左右形成污染物极大层.另外,受秸秆焚烧管制影响,在16:00-翌日04:00排放量呈逐渐上升趋势,09:00-16:00排放量较少.研究显示,秸秆焚烧源排放清单与前人研究结果较为一致,排放清单的烟羽抬升结果与气溶胶消光系数的垂直分布较为吻合.      

Influence of agricultural activities, forest fires and agro-industries on air quality in Thailand

Annual and monthly-based emission inventories in northern, central and north-eastern provinces in Thailand, where agriculture and related agro-industries are very intensive, were estimated to evaluate the contribution of agricultural activity, including crop residue burning, forest fires and related agro-industries on air quality monitored in corresponding provinces. The monthly-based emission inventories of air pollutants, or, particulate matter (PM), NOx and SO₂, for various agricultural crops were estimated based on information on the level of production of typical crops: rice, corn, sugarcane, cassava, soybeans and potatoes using emission factors and other parameters related to country-specific values taking into account crop type and the local residue burning period. The estimated monthly emission inventory was compared with air monitoring data obtained at monitoring stations operated by the Pollution Control Department, Thailand (PCD) for validating the estimated emission inventory. The agro-industry that has the greatest impact on the regions being evaluated, is the sugar processing industry, which uses sugarcane as a raw material and its residue as fuel for the boiler. The backward trajectory analysis of the air mass arriving at the PCD station was calculated to confirm this influence. For the provinces being evaluated which are located in the upper northern, lower northern and northeast in Thailand, agricultural activities and forest fires were shown to be closely correlated to the ambient PM concentration while their contribution to the production of gaseous pollutants is much less.