无锡市大气PM2.5中黑碳的粒径分布与混合态特征

针对长江三角洲地区PM2.5中的重要组分黑碳(BC)气溶胶,2010~2011年利用单颗粒黑碳光度计(SP2),对江苏省无锡市夏冬两季BC气溶胶的质量浓度、粒径分布及单颗粒混合态进行了连续在线观测.结果表明,无锡市冬季BC质量浓度(6.1μg/m3)是夏季(2.5μg/m3)的2.4倍,内混态BC比例(NIB)冬季(64.8%)也显著高于夏季(44.6%),说明冬季BC污染与来外来污染传输有关.反向轨迹分析表明,来自华北平原的污染气团输入是冬季高浓度BC污染的首要原因. NIB的日变化趋势与BC质量浓度的完全相反.午后BC质量浓度最低时NIB最高,反映了二次光化学产物包覆在BC颗粒外层的老化过程.此外,夏冬两季BC粒径分布保持稳定,其质量浓度峰值对应粒径在225nm左右,数浓度峰值对应粒径在120nm左右.     

2008北京残奥会期间大气黑碳气溶胶污染特征

利用单颗粒黑碳光度计(SP2)对2008年残奥会期间北京市黑碳(BC)气溶胶的质量浓度、粒径分布及单颗粒混合态进行连续在线观测.结果表明:观测期间BC浓度均值为1.65μg/m3,低于往年同期水平;质量粒径分布呈单峰型,峰值位于207nm;内混态BC比例平均为56.1%,高于其他国内外城市,说明本地源排放贡献相对较小.随大气边界层高度及本地源排放变化,BC浓度在上午8:00和午夜0:00出现2个峰值,内混态BC比例日变化趋势与之相反.风向风速分析表明,残奥会期间来自五环外未限行区域的机动车排放对市区BC浓度有明显影响.     

基于车载平台的济南市道路环境黑碳污染特征研究

为深入了解济南市主城区道路环境黑碳(BC)污染的时空规律,并评估机动车等对BC排放的影响,该研究利用车载平台和微型黑碳仪在济南市主城区开展了为期一个月的道路BC走航观测并分析其时空分布特征. 结果表明:①济南市主城区道路环境BC小时平均浓度为7.29 μg/m3,且昼夜呈双峰特征,双峰分别出现在04:00—08:00和18:00—22:00,该时段处于道路柴油车行驶及人群出行时段. ②源自化石燃料燃烧的BC占比为82.55%,来自生物质燃烧的BC占比为17.45%. ③BC道路环境浓度呈主干道(7.27 μg/m3)>次干道(6.56 μg/m3)的特征,柴油车占比较大的北园高架上的BC平均浓度(7.18 μg/m3)高于汽油车占比较大的经十路(5.64 μg/m3). ④BC浓度峰值多出现在清晨/深夜交叉路口附近,距十字路口5~10 m时观测的BC浓度最高,表明BC浓度除了受车流量影响外,还受到路况、车型、车速、气象条件等因素的影响. 研究显示,相比汽油车,济南市道路环境BC污染的时空分布特征主要受重型柴油车车辆数、出行时间和行驶路段的影响.      

瓦里关黑碳气溶胶变化特征与来源解析

瓦里关大气本底监测站位于青藏高原东北部,几乎不受局地人为活动的影响,可反映较大空间尺度的大气成分信息.为研究人为活动对本底大气成分产生的影响,在瓦里关站点利用七波段黑碳仪（AE33）对2019年1—12月的黑碳（BC, black carbon）气溶胶浓度进行连续观测,获得了其季节和日变化特征,并使用黑碳仪模型和拉格朗日大气传输模式FLEXPART（Flexible Particle Dispersion Model）对BC来源类型和源区分布进行了分析.结果显示：黑碳气溶胶平均浓度为（332 ± 308） ng?m^-3;受污染排放和气象因子的季节性变化的影响,BC在春季、夏季、秋季、冬季的平均值分别为（446 ± 343）、（297 ± 223）、（233 ± 209）、（352 ± 382） ng?m^-3;BC日变化峰值分别出现在凌晨（3：00）和中午（13：00）,凌晨出现的峰值由污染长距离输送引起,中午出现的峰值与局地山谷风环流有关.中午的峰值是由BC黑碳来源解析结果显示化石燃料燃烧对BC浓度的贡献占主导地位,全年平均贡献率为68%.生物质燃烧的贡献率在冬季明显升高,达到了40% ± 1%;FLEXPART源区结果表明离采样点距离近的西宁、兰州对瓦里关BC影响最大,四季平均贡献均超过100 ng?m^-3;印度半岛在秋季和冬季对瓦里关的影响较大;在春季和秋季,我国中部和西南部地区也存在BC的源区,但贡献值较小.     

成都地区黑碳气溶胶变化特征及其来源解析

利用7波段黑碳仪（AE-33）于2017年12月1日至2018年11月30日在成都测量黑碳（BC）质量浓度,获得了成都地区BC浓度变化特征,并基于黑碳仪模型和后向轨迹模型对BC排放来源和潜在源区进行了分析.结果表明,成都地区BC浓度冬季最大（8.18 μg·m^-3）,其次为春季（5.11 μg·m^-3）和秋季（3.91 μg·m^-3）,夏季最小（3.28 μg·m^-3）,年平均浓度（标准差）为5.26（4.67）μg·m^-3.各季节BC浓度日变化受边界层和交通排放高峰的影响呈现出早晚双峰结构.黑碳来源解析结果表明,液体燃料（如交通排放）对BC质量浓度的贡献在各季节均占主要地位,其中夏季最高,冬季最低.受交通早晚高峰的影响,液体燃料对BC的贡献在各季节均呈现早晚峰值,夜间固体燃料排放贡献有所增加.潜在源贡献分析（PSCF）和浓度轨迹权重分析（CWT）的结果表明,成都各季节BC的潜在源区受到气团来源的影响稍有差异,但主要以成都周边及以东至重庆局地区域（川渝城市群）的影响为主,该区域对成都BC的贡献值也较高,且主要为液体燃料燃烧贡献.此外陕西南部和甘肃南部也存在BC的潜在源区,夏季在广西和贵州等地也存在源区分布,但贡献值较小.     

北京冬季重污染过程黑碳气溶胶的飞机观测

利用空中国王飞机平台搭载单颗粒黑碳光度计（SP2）针对北京2016年12月冬季一次污染过程进行了连续观测,阐述了污染发生、发展和消散过程中的黑碳（BC）气溶胶质量浓度、粒径分布和混合状态的变化特征.结果表明,此次污染过程是以PM_2.5污染为主的霾污染过程,最大值为432μg/m³.NO₂、SO₂和CO等气态污染物浓度经过3次污染积累阶段,为PM_2.5最终爆发增长提供了物质基础.静稳的大气条件为PM_2.5爆发增长提供了动力条件.污染发展过程中BC气溶胶先在地面累积增加,然后向高空传输;清除过程则是高空先被移除,低层缓慢降低.污染发展过程中北京地区黑碳气溶胶在边界层（PBL）浓度变化为先升高后减小,平均浓度为3.45μg/m³,质量中值直径（MMD）范围在190~220nm.随着污染过程的发展,气溶胶迅速老化,PBL内的BC老化比例在一天内可从27%增加到了51%,老化过程使得PM_2.5质量浓度爆发增长.污染过程中BC在边界层的垂直演变导致大气加热率发生变化,有利于逆温的维持和发展,加剧了污染物过程.     

不同天气状况宝鸡市黑碳气溶胶污染特征分析

为了解宝鸡市黑碳(Black carbon,简称BC)气溶胶的污染特征,利用AE-31型黑碳仪于2017年12月1日-31日在宝鸡市监测的BC数据,分析得出宝鸡市不同天气条件下BC气溶胶浓度的变化特征,同时利用PM10,PM2.5,SO2,NO2和CO污染物,对BC气溶胶来源进行分析.结果表明,观测期间BC浓度平均值为...     

东海内陆架表层沉积物中黑碳的分布及来源

对东海内陆架表层沉积物中黑碳含量进行了分析,探讨了黑碳在东海内陆架不同区域的分布特征、影响因素及来源,并与长江口徐六径悬浮颗粒物中的黑碳进行了对比。结果显示,长江口徐六径悬浮颗粒物中黑碳的含量平均为1.68±0.51mg/g,且枯季浓度要高于洪季,这反映了燃烧活动的季节变化。黑碳在东海内陆架表层沉积物的分布具有明显的区域特征,近岸区域沉积物中的黑碳含量接近,且与粒径成负相关,并低于徐六径悬浮颗粒物中黑碳的含量,说明来自长江输入的黑碳主要以烟炱为主,并且部分粒径极小的颗粒未完全沉积下来;在123°E以东区域的表层沉积物中的黑碳含量分布较广,并与平均粒径成正相关,说明该区域主要以石墨态黑碳为主。另外,东海内陆架表层沉积物BC/TOC在0.11～0.55之间,因此在研究该区域碳循环过程中,不可忽视BC在不同区域的分布特征及类型差别。     

南京北郊黑碳气溶胶污染特征及影响因素分析

利用2015年1~10月黑碳小时平均质量浓度、PM2.5浓度、污染气体及常规气象观测资料,对南京北郊黑碳气溶胶的时间序列演变特征、污染特征及其影响因子进行了分析.结果表明,观测期间南京北郊黑碳浓度均值为(2 524±1 754)ng·m~(-3).黑碳浓度具有明显的季节变化,冬季最高,平均值达到(3 468±2 455)ng·m~(-3),春季平均值最低,为(2 142±1 240)ng·m~(-3);其日变化也具有明显的双峰结构,峰值出现在上午07:00~08:00和夜间21:00~22:00.黑碳气溶胶与NOx的相关性较好,说明黑碳浓度受机动车尾气排放的影响较大;但观测期间ΔBC/ΔCO比值较低,表明生物质燃烧可能是黑碳气溶胶的又一个重要来源.黑碳浓度随风速增加呈下降趋势,所有季节中小于2 000 ng·m~(-3)的低黑碳浓度主要集中在正西风及相邻风向上,秋冬季大于6 000 ng·m~(-3)的高黑碳浓度则多出现在偏东风下.灰霾和重度霾天气下的黑碳浓度平均值呈较高水平,是非霾天气下的2~2.3倍.     

北京地区不同尺度气溶胶中黑碳含量的观测研究

2003年7月、8月以及11月至2004年1月,在北京大学物理楼顶(北纬39 99°,东经116 31°)使用两台黑碳仪(Aethalometer)和一台TEOM1400a(TaperedElementOscillatingMicrobalance)来观测气溶胶.得到夏季黑碳的平均浓度为8 800μg·m-3,冬季为11 400μg·m-3.在冬季的观测中,在一台黑碳仪的进气口加上不同的切割头,分别得到了全部气溶胶(TSP)、PM10以及PM2 5中的黑碳质量浓度.结果表明,北京冬季的气溶胶中,90%的黑碳存在于PM10中,82 6%的黑碳存在于PM2 5中.比较PM10的浓度和PM10中黑碳的浓度可以看出,PM10中黑碳质量平均占5 11%.     

Evaluation of phytoextracting cadmium and lead by sunflower, ricinus, alfalfa and mustard in hydroponic culture

Soil contaminated with heavy metals cadmium(Cd)and lead(Pb)is hard to be remediated.Phytoremediation may be a feasible method to remove toxic metals from soil,but there are few suitable plants which can hyperaccumulate metals.In this study,Cd and Pb accumulation by four plants including sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.),mustard(Brassica juncea L.),alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.), ricinus(Ricinus communis L.)in hydroponic cultures was compared.Results showed that these plants could phytocxtract heavy metals, the ability of accumulation differed with species,concentrations and categories of heavy metals.Values of BCF(bioconcentration factor)and TF(translocation factor)indicated that four species had dissimilar abilities of phytoextraction and transportation of heavy metals.Changes on the biomass of plants,pH and Eh at different treatments revealed that these four plants had distinct responses to Cd and Pb in cultures.Measurements should be taken to improve the phytoremediation of sites contaminated with heavy metals,such as pH and Eh regulations,and so forth.     

Oxidation of As(Ⅲ) by potassium permanganate

The oxidation of As(Ⅲ) with potassium permanganate was studied under conditions including pH, initial As(Ⅲ) concentration and dosage of Mn(Ⅶ). The results have shown that potassium permanganate was an effective agent for oxidizing of As(Ⅲ) in a wide pH range. The pH value of tested water was not a significant factor affecting the oxidation of As(Ⅲ) by Mn(Ⅶ). Although theoretical redox analyses suggest that Mn(Ⅶ) should have better performance in oxidization of As(Ⅲ) within lower pH ranges, the experimental results show that the oxidation efficiencies of As(Ⅲ) under basic and acidic conditions were similar, which may be due to the adsorption of As(Ⅲ) on the Mn(OH)2 and MnO2 resulting from the oxidation of As(Ⅲ).     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Chlorobenzenes in waterweeds from the Xijiang River （Guangdong section） of the Pearl River

The Xijiang River is the major source of water for about 4.5 millions of urban population and 28.7 millions of rural population. The water quality is very important for the health of the rural population. The concentration and distribution of chlorobenzenes (CBs) in both water and waterweeds collected from 4 stations in the Xijiang River (Gangdong section) of the Pearl River in April and November were determined. The result showed that nearly every congener of CBs was detected. The total contents of CBs (∑CBs) in the river water ranged from 111.1 to 360.0 ng/L in April and from 151.9 to 481.7 ng/L in November, respectively. The pollution level of CBs in the water in April was higher than that in November. The contents of ∑ CBs in waterweeds ranged from 13.53×102 μg/g to 38.27×102μg/g dry weight (dw). There was no significant difference between April and November in waterweeds. The distribution of CBs in roots, caulis, and leaves of Vallisneria spiralis L. showed different patterns. The leaves mainly contained low-molecular-weight CBs(DCBs), whereas the roots accumulated more PCBs and HCBs. The average lgBCFlip (bioconcentration factor) of CBs ranged from 0.64 to 3.57 in the waterweeds. The spatial distribution character of CBs in the Xijiang River was: Fengkai County ＜ Yunan County ＜Yun'an County ＜ Gaoyao County according to the ∑CBs, and the pollution deteriorated from the upstream to the downstream of the Xijiang River. Further analysis demonstrated that the discharge of waste containing CBs may be the main source of CBs pollution in the Xijiang River.     

Degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol with a novel TiO2/Ti-Fe-graphite felt photoelectrocatalytic oxidation process

Degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol(2,4-DCP)was studied in a novel three-electrode photoelectrocatalytic(PEC)integrative oxidation process,and the factors influencing the degradation rate,such as applied current,flow speed of O_2,pH,adscititious voltage and initial 2,4-DCP concentration were investigated and optimized.H_2O_2 was produced nearby cathode and Fe~(2 )continuously generated from Fe anode in solution when current and O_2 were applied,so,main reactions,H_2O_2-assisted TiO_2 PEC oxidation and E-Fenton reaction,occurred during degradation of 2,4-DCP in this integrative system.The degradation ratio of 2,4-DCP was 93% in this integrative oxidation process,while it was only 31% in E-Fenton process and 46% in H_2O_2-assisted TiO_2 PEC process.So,it revealed that the degradation of 2,4-DCP was improved greatly by photoelectrical cooperation effect.By the investigation of pH,it showed that this integrative process could work well in a wide pH range from pH 3 to pH 9.     

Effect of copper on the degradation of pesticides cypermethrin and cyhalothrin

The influence of coexisting copper (Cu) ion on the degradation of pesticides pyrethroid cypermethrin and cyhalothrin in soil and photodegradation in water system were studied.Serial concentrations of the pesticides with the addition of copper ion were spiked in the soil and incubated for a regular period of time,the analysis of the extracts from the soil was carried out using gas chromatography (GC).The photodegradation of pyrethroids in water system was conducted under UV irradiation.The effect of Cu~(2 ) on the pesticides degradation was measured with half life (t_(0.5)) of degradation.It was found that a negative correlation between the degradation of the pyrethroid pesticides in soil and Cu addition was observed.But Cu~(2 ) could accelerate photodegradation of the pyrethroids in water.The t_(0.5) for cyhalothrin extended from 6.7 to 6.8 d while for cypermethrin extended from 8.1 to 10.9 d with the presence of copper ion in soil.As for photodegradation,t_(0.5) for cyhalothrin reduced from 173.3 to 115.5 rain and for cypermethrin from 115.5 to 99.0 min.The results suggested that copper influenced the degradation of the pesticides in soil by affecting the activity of microorganisms.However, it had catalyst tendency for photodegradation in water system.The difference for the degradation efficiency of pyrethroid isomers in soil was also observed.Copper could obviously accelerate the degradation of some special isomers.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.