水解酸化--AB生物法处理抗生素废水的试验研究

进行了多品种抗生素工业废水处理的试验研究，采用水解酸化——ＡＢ生物法新工艺。试验废水ＣＯＤｃｒ ３２８３．９ｍｇ／Ｌ，ＢＯＤ５　１３４８．９ｍｇ／Ｌ，ＮＨ３—Ｎ ２２．０ｍｇ／Ｌ，色度３２５（倍），处理后出水分别为２８７．８ｍｇ／Ｌ，２１．３ｍｇ／Ｌ，２．６ ｍｍ／Ｌ和 ７０（倍），各项去除率为９１． ２％、９８． ４％、８８． ２％和 ７８． ５％。容积有机负荷 Ａ级 ２．３ＫｇＣＯＤｃｒ／ｍ３．ｄ、Ｂ级 ３． ３ＫｇＣＯＤｃｒ／ｍ３．ｄ。出水达到国家规定的（ＧＢ９６７８—８８）生物制药行业废水排放标准。比报导的化学絮凝—生物法处理同 种废水的运行费用要低。     

[Cu—γ—Al2O3]催化剂处理染料废水工艺条件研究

采用「Ｃｕ－γ－Ａｌ２Ｏ３」催化剂对由活性艳红Ｘ－３Ｂ配制的ＣＯＤｃｒ为５７００ｍｇ／Ｌ色度３１００倍的实际染料废水进行了催化氧化试验，试验表明，在控制ｐＨ＝４－５，Ｈ２Ｏ２用量为５．０ｍｇ／Ｌ，催化剂用量为３．０ｇ／Ｌ，ｔ＝７０℃和反应时间为２ｈ条件下，可获得ＣＯＤｃｒ去除率为７７％－７８％，脱色率为９９％的良好效果，且催化剂可再生使用。     

味精浓度水稀释液厌氧消化—SBR工艺处理

采用ＵＢＦ－ＳＢＲ工艺处理味精浓度水稀释液，ＵＢＦ段的进水ＣＯＤｃｒ１８９００ｍｇ／Ｌ，ＮＨ３－Ｎ１５００ｍｇ／Ｌ，有机容积负荷率９．４５ｋｇ（ＣＯＤ）／ｍ＾３．ｄ时，ＣＯＤｃｒ平均去除率为８４．５％，ＳＢＲ段的进水ＣＯＤｃｒ２９５０ｍｇ／Ｌ，ＮＨ３－Ｎ１６７８ｍｇ／Ｌ，曝气６５ｈ，ＤＯ为４～４．５ｍｇ／Ｌ，停曝气时ＤＯ在０．３ｍｇ／Ｌ以下，ＣＯＤｃｒ和ＮＨ３－Ｎ的平均去除率分别为９２％和９９．４     

混凝法预处理糖精钠废水研究

无机混凝剂硫酸铝，硫酸铁分别与有机絮凝剂聚丙烯酰胺配合使用处理糖精钠废水，并进行处理效果比较，结果表明，硫酸铝和聚丙烯酰胺配合使用的处理效果好，当硫酸铝投加量为３．２ｇ／Ｌ，聚丙烯酰胺投加量为８ｍｇ／Ｌ，ｐＨ为６时，废水ＣＯＤｃｒ可从４１３００ｍｇ／Ｌ减小到１６８００ｍｇ／Ｌ，去除率达６１％；Ｃｕ＾２＋浓度从３２．７３ｍｇ／Ｌ降至３．１７ｍｇ／Ｌ，去除率达９０．３％，且提高了ＢＯＤ５／ＣＯＤｃｒ值     

臭氧—活性炭C2法处理印染废水

本文介绍了臭氧－活性炭Ｃ２法在印染水处理中的应用，在进水ＣＯＤ〈８００ｍｇ／ｌ，ＢＯＤ〈３００ｍｇ／ｌ，ＢＯＤ３／ＣＯＤ～０．３～０．４时，处理后出水ＣＯＤ〈１２０ｍｇ／ｌ，ＢＯＤ３〈６０ｍｇ／ｌ。     

电厂锅炉清洗废水治理工艺

电厂锅炉清洗废水中，含有高浓度的柠檬酸和丙酮肟等有机污染物。经试验，采取原水作适当稀释后，进行好氧曝气－活性炭生物膜法二级处理，ＣＯＤｃｒ总去除率可达８８％－９０％；ＢＯＤ５去除率为９０％。经两经处理后的出水，ＣＯＤｃｒ＜１００ｍｇ／ｌ，ＢＯＤ５＜５０ｍｇ／ｌ，可达到较好的处理效果。     

生化—物化组合工艺处理棉浆粕生产综合废水

棉浆粕生产综合废水的生化—物化处理试验表明，采用驯化活性污泥法可有效地去除废水中易生物降解的有机物。当浆粕废水进水ＣＯＤｃｒ浓度１２００～１８００ｍｇ／Ｌ范围内，ＣＯＤｃｒ负荷１．８～２．８ｋｇ／ｍ３·ｄ时，ＣＯＤｃｒ去除率可达５８％～６４％，ＢＯＤ５去除率可达８５％～８９％。生化出水经投加化学混凝剂进行物化处理后，ＣＯＤｃｒ可进一步去除６５％～７５％左右，可满足排放标准的要求     

生化一物化组合工艺处理棉浆粕生产综合废水

棉浆粕生产综合废水的生化一物化处理试验表明，采用驯化活性污泥法可用效地除废水中易生物降解的有机物，当浆粕废水进水ＣＯＤｃｒ，浓度１２００～１８００ｍｇ／Ｌ范围内，ＣＯＤｃｒ负荷１．８～２．８ｋｇ／ｍ＾３·ｄ时，ＣＯＤｃｒ去除率可达５８％～６４％，ＢＯＤ５去除率可达８５％－８９％，生化出水经投加化学混凝剂进行物化处理后。ＣＯＤｃｒ可进一步去除６５％－７５％左右，可满足排放标准的要求。     

高盐度、高氨氮肠衣废水的治理研究

高盐度、高氨氮肠衣废水经过简单的絮凝预处理后，进行ＰＡＣ－ＳＢＲ生化处理。在原水Ｃｌ￣－，ＮＨ＿３－Ｎ，ＣＯＤｃ＿ｒ浓度分别高达９０００ｍｇ／Ｌ，１４５ｍｇ／Ｌ和２０００ｍｇ／Ｌ时，预处理ＣＯＤｃ＿ｒ可去除３０％以上。生化法取得了９５％以上的ＮＨ＿３－Ｎ去除率及９０％左右的ＣＯＤｃ＿ｒ去除率．脱氮效果显著，Ｃｌ￣－对系统的生化能力无明显影响．     

混凝沉淀法处理钮扣生产废水

进行了混凝沉淀法处理钮扣生产废水的研究，结果表明，当原水ＳＳ为１２００，ｇ／Ｌ，ＣＯＤＣｒ为１６５０ｍｇ／Ｌ，在水温１５℃，ｐＨ６．０－６．５，搅拌时间３－５ｍｉｎ，Ａｌ２（ＳＯ４）３投加量４００－５００ｍｇ／Ｌ，沉淀时间３０－４０ｍｉｎ的条件下，ＳＳ，ＣＯＤＣｒ去除率分别达到９０％，７５％以上。     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.     

Simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate by zeolite synthesized from coal fly ash as influenced by acid treatment

Zeolite synthesized from fly ash （ZFA） without modification is not efficient for the purification of NH4＋ and phosphate at low concentrations that occur in real effluents, despite the high potential removal capacity. To develop an effective technique to enhance the removal efficiency of ammonium and phosphate at low concentrations, ZFA was modified with acid treatment and the simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate in a wide range of concentration was investigated. It was seen that when compared with untreated ZFA, only the treatment by 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4 significantly improved the removal efficiency of ammonium at low initial concentrations. The behavior was well explained by the pH effect. Treatment by more concentrated H2SO4 led to the deterioration of the ZFA structure and a decrease in the cation exchange capacity. Treatment by 0.01 mol/L H2SO4 improved the removal efficiency of phosphate by ZFA at all initial P concentrations, while the treatment by concentrated H2SO4 （≥0.9 mol/L） resulted in a limited maximum phosphate immobilization capacity （PIC）. It was concluded that through a previous mild acid treatment （e.g. 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4）, ZFA can be used in the simultaneous removal of NH4＋ and P at low concentrations simulating real effluent.