创建国家环保模范城市理论与实践

自1997年国家开始颁发"国家环境保护模范城市"荣誉称号以来,全国共有包括张家港、昆山、海口、青岛、杭州、广州等在内的92个城市获此殊荣,有122个城市和10个直辖市政府向环境保护部递交了创建申请,还有大量城市正在积极开展创建前期工作。创建国家环境保护模范城市意义,创建过程中应注意问题,已成为我们首要关心的问题。本文将结合作者从事洛阳市创建国家环境保护模范城市工作实际,对创建国家环保模范城市工作做简要论述。     

论佛山市创建国家环境保护模范城市之组织管理特点及其环境质量相应变化

文章介绍了佛山市创建国家环境保护模范城过程中的工作机制、工作思路、采取的措施及工作特点,论述了佛山市成功创建国家环境保护模范城市过程中的组织管理特点,研究分析佛山市创模以来在全面提升水、气、声环境质量方面所作的努力及所取得的成效,总结了佛山市成功创建国家环保模范城市过程中的工作经验,为正在创建或计划创建国家环境保护模范城市的城市或地区提供可资参考与借鉴的工作经验。     

把环境优美的深圳带入21世纪

国家环境保护模范城市考核组对深圳市创建国家环保模范城市进行了全面的考核。考核结果表明：深圳市各项技术指标基本达到考核要求，市民对城市政府重视环境保护工作的满意率达到９９５％；对环境质量状况的满意率达到９９２１％。考核组认为：深圳市创建国家环保模范...     

黔江区:重环保筑峡谷之城 创国模建清凉之都

黔江区于2005年成功创建重庆市市级环保模范城区,自2008年开始创建国家环境保护模范城区以来,全区坚持以创建国家环保模范城区为统揽,着力提升城市品质、改善环境质量和促进经济社会发展,取得了阶段性的成绩。一是区委政府高度重视环保工作。每年都召开相关环境保护工作会议,对创国模、总量减排、企业污染治理、城市环境综合整治和农村环境保     

中国“后创模时期”环保道路的思考研究

中国1997年启动创建国家环境保护模范城市(简称"创模")活动,取得良好的经济、社会和环境效益。随着生态文明纳入"五位一体"综合布局,获得国家环境保护模范城市(简称"国模")称号的地区必须进一步巩固"创模"成果,强化基础设施建设、突出工业园区管理,完善属地管理制度、强化部门协调作战,从而实现由"创建模范城市"到"巩固模范城市"的战略转变;必须构建"后创模时代"最广泛的环保统一战线,更加重视生态环境建设,积极开展生态城市创建,从而实现由"环保模范城市"到"生态示范城市"的战略提升。     

重环保筑峡谷之城 创国模建清凉之都

黔江区于2005年成功创建重庆市市级环保模范城区,自2008年开始创建国家环境保护模范城区以来,全区坚持以创建国家环保模范城区为统揽,着力提升城市品质、改善环境质量和促进经济社会发展,取得了阶段性的成绩.一是区委政府高度重视环保工作.每年都召开相关环境保护工作会议,对创国模、总量减排、企业污染治理、城市环境综合整治和农村环境保护工作进行部署和调研;落实环保目标责任制,形成了"党委领导、人大监督、政府负责、环保督查、企业治理、公众参与"的环保工作新机制;区委二届八次全委会出台《关于做好当前民生工作的决定》,将创建国家环境保护模范城区纳入10大民生工程;区人大常委会审议通过了区政府《关于加快推进创建国家环保模范城区工作情况的报告》.     

广州创模对提升环境空气质量的贡献及启示

提高环境空气质量是环境保护工作的重要任务，创建国家环境保护模范城市是促进生产发展，生活富裕，生态良好的城市新文明的开创性实践活动，广州市将二者很好的结合起来，通过创建国家环保模范城市有力的提升了环境空气质量，打造出一个适宜发展和居住的城市环境。     

国家环境保护模范城市创建现状

根据国家提出的城市环境保护“要建成若干个经济快速发展、环境清洁优美、生态良性循环的示范城市”的要求,国家环境保护总局自1997年5月开始在全国各城市开展创建国家环境保护模范城市活动,至今已有17个城市、2个城区先后被命名为国家环保模范城市(区),分别为山东     

鄂尔多斯市创建国家环境保护模范城市的可行性分析

本文介绍了鄂尔多斯市创建国家环境保护模范城市的必要性,并以国家环境保护模范城市考核指标为依据,分析了鄂尔多斯市创建国家环境保护模范城市的可行性,以及创建过程中的重点和难点问题。     

环境保护部办公厅关于印发《“十一五”国家环境保护模范城市考核指标及其实施细则（修订）》的通知

各省、自治区、直辖市环境保护局（厅），各国家环境保护模范城市人民政府办公厅（室）： 国家环保模范城市创建工作（以下简称“创模”）开展10年来，调动了许多地方政府努力改善城市环境质量的积极性，对推进我国城市可持续发展起到了积极的促进作用。在新形势下，我部将以更高的标准开展“创模”活动，继续培育城市环境保护典型，充分发挥环保模范城市的示范作用。     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.     

Simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate by zeolite synthesized from coal fly ash as influenced by acid treatment

Zeolite synthesized from fly ash （ZFA） without modification is not efficient for the purification of NH4＋ and phosphate at low concentrations that occur in real effluents, despite the high potential removal capacity. To develop an effective technique to enhance the removal efficiency of ammonium and phosphate at low concentrations, ZFA was modified with acid treatment and the simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate in a wide range of concentration was investigated. It was seen that when compared with untreated ZFA, only the treatment by 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4 significantly improved the removal efficiency of ammonium at low initial concentrations. The behavior was well explained by the pH effect. Treatment by more concentrated H2SO4 led to the deterioration of the ZFA structure and a decrease in the cation exchange capacity. Treatment by 0.01 mol/L H2SO4 improved the removal efficiency of phosphate by ZFA at all initial P concentrations, while the treatment by concentrated H2SO4 （≥0.9 mol/L） resulted in a limited maximum phosphate immobilization capacity （PIC）. It was concluded that through a previous mild acid treatment （e.g. 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4）, ZFA can be used in the simultaneous removal of NH4＋ and P at low concentrations simulating real effluent.