微污染水处理中生物填料的应用研究

概述了生物填料的分类,详细介绍了各类填料在微污染水处理中的应用现状,并提出了在微污染水处理中生物填料的发展方向.     

流化BAF处理生活污水的研究

曝气生物滤池是一种新型的水处理技术。选择海绵块作为曝气生物滤池的填料,研究了此种海棉块在曝气生物滤池内的挂膜效果．讨论了不同的水力停留时间对曝气生物滤池处理生活污水效果的影响。结果表明,水力停留时间对处理效能有较明显的影响．缩短水力停留时间使反应器对COD、氨氮和悬浮物的去除率下降。     

生物填料在废水处理中的应用及研究进展

概述了废水处理中生物填料的应用现状和发展,首先介绍了常用填料,如定型固定式填料、悬挂式填料及分散型填料在废水处理中的应用,其次以亲水、生物亲和及生物亲和亲水磁性填料为代表,对新型填料在废水处理中的应用作了阐述。     

生物法脱氮新技术及研究进展

生物法脱氮技术一直是水处理领域所关注的热点和难点。本文对几种近年来新研究的生物法脱氮工艺和理论基础做了简要介绍和分析,并评述了它们的研究进展和发展方向,为污水生物脱氮技术更深入的研究提供了借鉴。     

数值模拟在污水生物处理领域应用进展

随着计算机技术的发展,数值模拟在污水生物处理工艺设计、水处理设备结构优化等领域中已得到广泛应用。介绍了数值模拟技术常用的计算方法,对活性污泥法、MBR、厌氧消化等污水生物处理领域中的数值模拟研究进展进行了总结评述,讨论了模拟仿真过程中模型选择、简化假设、预测控制等关键问题。目前数值模拟在污水生物处理领域得出的多是导向性结论,将模拟与实验结合可以提升研究效率,更好地解决工程问题。     

生物炭材料在水体有机污染治理中的研究进展

随着工农业的发展,大量有机物被排入水体,造成水生生态系统严重破坏。生物炭及其改性材料以其优良的理化特性,在水处理中发挥着越来越重要的作用。该文分别从去除机理、影响因素、改性方法等方面进行了总结分析,对在应用过程中存在的问题进行了探讨,指出低成本高吸附性能新型生物炭的研发、生物炭与催化剂及微生物联合应用技术的深入研究以及生物炭对新型污染物去除机理研究等将会成为今后生物炭在污染治理领域的研究重点。通过对生物炭及其改性材料在水体有机污染处理中研究进展的综述,以期为生物炭及其改性材料在水处理中的应用提供有价值的借鉴和参考。     

紫外消毒系统有效辐射剂量测试方法研究进展

近年来,紫外消毒技术在水处理领域的应用越来越广泛,然而关于其辐射剂量的测试方法在国内外的发展还较为缓慢,特别是目前国内还没有机构能够采用标准的生物剂量法来对紫外消毒系统内部的有效辐射剂量进行验证. 因此介绍了国际上几种主要的紫外剂量测试方法,包括生物剂量法、化学法和模型计算法,并分析了各自的优缺点和应用中存在的问题,同时探讨了几种新开发的测试方法及其应用前景,以期为紫外消毒技术在水处理领域的推广应用提供支持.     

曝气生物滤池技术进展

曝气生物滤池(BAF)是一种集生物氧化、过滤、吸附于一体的新型生物膜污水处理技术。文章介绍了BAF的发展沿革,综述了BAF在填料、生物膜、有机物、SS、氨氮去除、脱氮除磷、有毒有害物质降解方面的最新进展,拓宽了BAF组合工艺的研究和应用范围,指出BAF作为一种深度处理工艺是非常适合于我国国情的水处理技术,尤其对我国今后中水回用、企业污水闭路循环以及"零排放"具有重要意义,应加大研发和开发力度,推广其应用。     

新型玄武岩纤维生物载体与水处理应用研究现状及展望

玄武岩纤维(BF)是绿色高性能的微米级无机纤维,作为新型微生物载体有良好的生物相容性和水质净化效果,在水处理领域倍受关注。调研了BF的材料特性及其在生物反应器中形成的微生物聚集体(生物巢)性质。为进一步提升BF载体的水处理效能,今后研究重点在于改善BF亲水性、表面弱正电性、粗糙度等,提高BF生物亲和性与水中分散性;综述了BF表面改性研究进展;总结并展望了BF载体在处理工业废水、生活污水与水体修复等领域的应用。     

填料对曝气生物滤池影响的概述

曝气生物滤池因为其优越的自身条件,逐渐成为世界各国首选的处理各种污水的处理装置。而填料作为曝气生物滤池最关键影响因素引起广泛关注。文章简单介绍了填料的研究进展,对填料上生物膜的形成以及其填料净化机理等方面进行了研究;填料的选择是滤池设计和出水水质的关键因素。填料的类型、粒径、密度、高度对曝气生物滤池的效能有重要影响。尽管目前填料种类繁多,但由于曝气生物滤池除磷能力较弱,希望开发更多新型曝气生物滤池填料类型,更好地满足各种类型废水的处理。     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.     

Simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate by zeolite synthesized from coal fly ash as influenced by acid treatment

Zeolite synthesized from fly ash （ZFA） without modification is not efficient for the purification of NH4＋ and phosphate at low concentrations that occur in real effluents, despite the high potential removal capacity. To develop an effective technique to enhance the removal efficiency of ammonium and phosphate at low concentrations, ZFA was modified with acid treatment and the simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate in a wide range of concentration was investigated. It was seen that when compared with untreated ZFA, only the treatment by 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4 significantly improved the removal efficiency of ammonium at low initial concentrations. The behavior was well explained by the pH effect. Treatment by more concentrated H2SO4 led to the deterioration of the ZFA structure and a decrease in the cation exchange capacity. Treatment by 0.01 mol/L H2SO4 improved the removal efficiency of phosphate by ZFA at all initial P concentrations, while the treatment by concentrated H2SO4 （≥0.9 mol/L） resulted in a limited maximum phosphate immobilization capacity （PIC）. It was concluded that through a previous mild acid treatment （e.g. 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4）, ZFA can be used in the simultaneous removal of NH4＋ and P at low concentrations simulating real effluent.