近30年青海三江源西部干旱区草地退化特征的遥感分析

使用自20世纪70年代末~2004年的3期遥感图像(70sMSS、90sTM和2004年TM/ETM),研究了近30年青海三江源西部干旱区草地退化的格局与过程,结果表明:整个研究时段内,草地退化发生面积占总草地面积的10%左右,且以草地覆盖度轻度下降为主,其退化面积占总草地退化面积的80%以上,其次是轻度沙化/盐化,相应比重占10%以上。草地退化面积呈东南向西北减少趋势,退化程度呈东南向西北降低格局,而退化类型也由复合型向单一型过渡。整个时段内,草地退化面积呈增加趋势,尤其是沙化面积增加较快。不同海拔、坡度和坡向间草地退化面积差异显著。海拔4 800~5 100m范围内为草地退化发生的主要分布区,4 500~4 800m和5 100m以上草地退化基本相当。退化率较高的坡度级别介于2~8°之间,类似于草地面积随坡度变化的基本趋势。不同坡向呈阴坡、半阴半阳坡高于阳坡的态势。脆弱的基底、极端气候年际间周期波动等限制性因子控制着草地退化的基本格局,人为扰动则决定草地退化的强度和速度。总体看来,研究区地带性自然条件决定的荒漠化草地已占据主导地位,人类活动相对较弱,草地退化程度增加趋势不明显,新的草地退化现象不十分突出。     

藏西北高寒牧区草地退化现状与机理分析

以藏西北高寒牧区为研究区域,综合利用NOAA、MODIS卫星NDVI(归一化植被指数)、气象资料、社会统计资料并结合GIS技术,对藏西北高寒牧区的草地状况和退化机理作了分析。结果表明:①藏西北高寒牧区草地覆盖度等级呈正态分布,且中等偏下略多,地表植被总体上比较稀疏;②2005年区域内的草地退化总面积为14.19×10⁴km²,占区域天然草地总面积的39.64%,其中轻度退化面积最多,占退化总面积的65.96%,其次是中度和重度退化,分别占25.20%和8.84%;③草地退化的主要原因一是与近年来该区域的气候变化有关,二是草地超载率达到59.18%,过度放牧引起的草地退化和沙化现象也越来越严重,是局部草地退化的根本原因,人口的增加和人类活动频繁对草场的破坏,也是近年来草地退化的主要原因。     

三江源区东部8县草地退化格局分析

利用3期遥感影像（20世纪70年代末MSS,20世纪90年代初和2004年TM）,借助1：100000地形图、1：1000000 草地图和植被图以及野外考察景观照片,对三江源区东部8县的草地退化状况进行分析,结果表明：①东部8县草地退化,总体为轻微退化类型区,退化趋势减弱。轻度破碎化草地、轻度破碎化和轻度覆盖度下降草地类型占该区总退化类型面积的63%;②轻度退化草地以阿尼玛卿山地周围所占比例最大。中度退化草地主要位于西部和南部山体的阳坡、半阳坡,而在阴坡上很少发现。重度退化草地多数分布于河流、居民点周围;③海拔3700~4500m之间是草地退化主要发生区,两时段退化草地面积分别占总草地面积的11.88%和8.01%,而8°~25°也集聚了东部8县主要草地退化类型;④两时段草地退化比重由20世纪70年代末到90年代初11.2%减小为20世纪90年代初到2004的9.8%,但草地退化趋势仍在持续;⑤研究有助于从本底上准确把握三江源区草地退化状况,进而认识源区主体生态系统本底状况。     

西藏那曲地区草地退化驱动力分析

那曲地区位于西藏自治区北部，现有草地34173300hm^2，占那曲地区土地总面积的79．51％，占西藏自治区草地总面积的42．15％，居自治区各地市的首位，是西藏自治区主要草地畜牧业基地之一。草地畜牧业产值几十年来一直占该区国民生产总值的50％左右。但是，由于该区生态环境极其脆弱，自然条件恶劣，草地破坏后其恢复难度很大。再加之长期以来，对草地资源的不合理利用。载畜量的不断增加，导致草地环境急剧恶化，草地退化严重，生产力日趋下降，已严重影响了牧区国民经济的持续发展。本文在对那曲草地退化现状调查的基础上，对那曲草地退化原因进行了剖析，并提出了切实可行的防治策略。指出自然环境的变化是那曲草地退化的基本原因，而不合理人类活动则是草地退化的主要原因。因此，在制定草地退化防治对策时，应以社会-经济-自然复合系统理论为指导，让社会、经济、自然协调发展。     

天山北坡典型荒漠草地退化特征及其成因

以天山北坡典型荒漠草地为研究对象,利用"点-线-面"的方法,结合景观生态学的原理,以人类活动频繁的城市和农业为主要研究点,设置横竖样带分析典型荒漠草地19 a间的动态变化,进而从自然社会因子角度探讨荒漠草地退化成因。结果表明:1990-2008年间,研究区域荒漠草地面积急剧下降,而农业及其它用地面积增加。同时,荒漠草地覆盖度也明显下降,特别是中覆盖度和高覆盖度草地植被变化较大。从自然因素和社会因素角度分析草地退化原因,起主导作用的是人类的活动和不合理的资源利用导致草地面积减少、覆盖度降低。因此,通过对天山北坡草地退化特征及其成因分析的研究,以期为合理利用、科学管理天然草地提供理论基础。     

黄河源区草地退化对土壤持水性影响的初步研究

在黄河源区草地退化严重的玛沁县军牧场地区,采用不同草地退化样地对比的方法,开展草地退化对土壤持水性影响研究。结果表明:①毛管持水量和饱和含水量在0~10 cm土层以无退化草地最大,极度退化草地最小,而在10~20 cm土层,两者在不同退化草地之间差异不明显,仍以极度退化草地最小,但两者在20~30 cm土层以轻度和重度退化草地较大,无退化和中度退化草地相对较小;②在土壤表层(0~10 cm),无退化草地的田间持水量远大于其他退化草地,轻度和重度退化草地田间持水量较大,极度退化草地最小,而在10 cm以下土层,田间持水量以轻度和重度退化草地较大,无退化和中度退化草地相对较小;③各土壤持水量与土壤理化性质关系密切,主要受容重、总碳、有机质和总氮这4个因素影响;④不同草地退化程度下地表覆被状况、植物根系生物量以及分布特征引起土壤容重、有机质等发生变化,可能是进一步导致土壤持水性差异的主要原因。研究可为区域草地退化对土壤水文生态效应影响提供科学依据。     

草地退化的因素和退化草地的恢复及其改良

草地退化是一个世界性的普遍问题。几乎所有的天然草原和人工草地,在利用不当时都可能出现这种现象。对草地退化的过程和原因比较复杂。草地生态系统的变化过程总是伴随着相关的地理、气候、土壤、灾害等各种自然因素的作用,有时一二种自然因素（如火或洪水）就可能造成生态系统的退化。所以对退化草地的恢复势在必行,本文着重对近几年较流行的退化草地的恢复方法进行了介绍。     

锡林郭勒盟草地变化监测及驱动力分析

综合利用RS和GIS技术,结合2000~2013年长时间序列遥感影像数据,对锡林郭勒盟的草地变化进行了监测与分析,并从土地利用、气象条件、人类活动等多方面,利用地理相关分析等地统计分析方法,开展了草地变化驱动力分析.结果表明:2000~2013年间,锡林郭勒盟的草地质量总体上得到改善,约有4.04%的区域发生变化,变化区域中大部分属于显著或微弱增加,仅有约3.93%的变化区域退化比较明显,它们主要集中在辖区从东北向西南的中部地区,尤以苏尼特左旗东南部、锡林浩特市中部以及西乌珠穆沁旗东北部退化严重.通过相关分析发现,研究区域内草地变化与气温的相关性不显著,而与降水和人类活动的相关性显著.在上述草地退化比较严重的苏尼特左旗东南部?锡林浩特市中部以及西乌珠穆沁旗东北部地区,气温和降水的变化对草地年NDVI最大值的变化均没有显著影响(P0.1);但除苏尼特左旗东南部外,锡林浩特市、西乌珠穆沁旗辖区内的草地退化区域皆分布在矿区8km的缓冲区内,尤其是西乌珠穆沁旗辖区内,矿区内部的草地出现了严重退化.相关的结论可服务于锡林郭勒草原生态保护监管等管理决策工作,同时相关的技术方法也可为其他区域生态变化的监测与分析提供借鉴和参考.     

内蒙古草地生产力资源和载畜量的区域尺度模式评估

在气候变化和人类活动的干扰下熏内蒙古草地在过去50年里产生大面积的退化沙化。论文在大气植被相互作用模式穴AVIM雪的基础上发展了一个区域评估模型AVIMia。该模式包括陆面物理过程、植被生长过程和草地利用模式,用来评估放牧利用和气候变化对草地生产力和载畜量的影响。结果表明:内蒙古草地区域生产力剧烈的年际变化与降水量密切相关,而与温度没有明显相关关系。模式估计内蒙古草地总的地上生产力为771.7×108kg/a,可食地上生物量为498.1×108kg/a,典型草原和草甸草原占了大部分的生产力。据此推算的内蒙古地区总的载畜量为45.51×106羊单位,与1997年实际载畜量比较,超载100%。因而熏提出过牧可能是内蒙古草地大面积退化沙化的主要原因,甚至超过气候变化的影响。     

GIS支持下我国干旱区草地资源动态分析

以遥感与GIS为支撑技术,以干燥度为干旱指标,并以此提取草地的动态变化,分析1995-2000年的中国干旱区草地动态变化状况.研究表明:草地面积减少5 49×104 km2,主要表现在低覆盖度草地面积的大量减少,草地资源的变化主要是转变成耕地,城镇占用,及草地类型间的转换,并且有不同程度的退化.草地的变化以变耕地为主,主要是受人口的压力;草地的退化在很大程度上是过度放牧、盲目开垦耕地所致,而草地资源为我国西部、北部主要资源,这种草地的退化将造成我国北方环境的恶化及资源的退化.草地的动态变化以自然与人为动力为主.草地面积的减少及覆盖度的降低对中国干旱区的生态环境质量及区域经济发展有一定的影响.      

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.     

Simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate by zeolite synthesized from coal fly ash as influenced by acid treatment

Zeolite synthesized from fly ash （ZFA） without modification is not efficient for the purification of NH4＋ and phosphate at low concentrations that occur in real effluents, despite the high potential removal capacity. To develop an effective technique to enhance the removal efficiency of ammonium and phosphate at low concentrations, ZFA was modified with acid treatment and the simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate in a wide range of concentration was investigated. It was seen that when compared with untreated ZFA, only the treatment by 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4 significantly improved the removal efficiency of ammonium at low initial concentrations. The behavior was well explained by the pH effect. Treatment by more concentrated H2SO4 led to the deterioration of the ZFA structure and a decrease in the cation exchange capacity. Treatment by 0.01 mol/L H2SO4 improved the removal efficiency of phosphate by ZFA at all initial P concentrations, while the treatment by concentrated H2SO4 （≥0.9 mol/L） resulted in a limited maximum phosphate immobilization capacity （PIC）. It was concluded that through a previous mild acid treatment （e.g. 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4）, ZFA can be used in the simultaneous removal of NH4＋ and P at low concentrations simulating real effluent.