Field-focusing nuclear magnetic resonance (FONAR)

A technique, field-focusing NMR (FONAR), is described for doing NMR scans in large samples. The method utilizes a shaped D.C. magnetic field that confines the NMR-signal-producing region of the sample to a small volume called the resonance aperture. The aperture contains the required values of the Ho field to fully bracket the band of the r.f. pulse. The magnet system and r.f. pick-up coil that achieved the first human NMR can is discussed.     

脉冲涡流不拆保温探头优化设计的数值模拟方法研究

通过比较分析国外脉冲涡流不拆保温探头的技术原理和设计范例,针对现有文献中探头的参数,进行上下梯度模拟,提出具有针对性的探头优化设计方法。通过理论计算和数值模拟,取灵敏度为优化指标,得到最优发射线圈的直径与高度数据;通过数值模拟和计算求解,得到发射线圈最优线径和最优匝数;通过数值模拟得到最优的接收线圈线径和匝数;通过实际测试和正交试验,得到实际应用化的发射线圈最佳线径和匝数,以及接收线圈的最佳线径和匝数。依据有限元模型,脉冲涡流不拆保温探头的参数在一定范围内都进行了优化。针对特有脉冲涡流系统的传感器探头,依据现有文献中参数进行理论计算和数值模拟提出的探头优化设计方法是可行的。     

林业碳汇项目基准线和监测方法学及应用分析——以贵州省贞丰县林业碳汇项目为例

气候变化给全球社会经济发展带来了重大影响,林业碳汇在适应和减缓气候变化、促进可持续发展三方面的重要作用日益被世界各国所认可。林业碳汇项目实施的难点在于准确掌握林业碳汇项目设计的规则、标准体系,重点在于基准线判别、碳汇计量、监测的方法学和工具。本文系统介绍了国际清洁发展机制造林再造林(CDM A/R)项目方法学和国内碳汇造林项目方法学、标准体系等最新成果,并以贵州省贞丰县林业碳汇项目为例,分析了基准线和监测方法学在林业碳汇项目开发设计中的实际应用。     

Effect of specimen planar area on electromagnetic flanging

The specimen parameter that is often mentioned with respect to the ability to achieve electromagnetic forming (EMF) is the specimen thickness. If the skin depth is small compared to this parameter, efficient forming will be achieved. However, another parameter that may affect the ability to achieve efficient forming is the specimen's planar area, i.e., the length and width of the specimen. This would particularly become an important factor if EMF is used to fabricate meso/microscale components. In this research, a flat spiral coil was used to flange 0.508 mm thickness, CuZn30 specimens of varying widths (i.e., 10, 14, 18, 22, 35, and 47 mm). These widths were varied in order to modify the projected area of the coil over the specimen. Results showed that a decrease in the specimen width was generally associated with a decrease in forming (i.e., lower flanging angle) due to edge effects in induced eddy currents. Since the magnetic field distribution from the flat spiral coil is asymmetric, material was overhung on both sides of the die. This yielded an extra half turn on the left side of the specimen, and increased forming. The die was also translated to assess differences in flanging generated. In order to achieve meso/microforming with EMF, attention to the interaction between coil design and specimen dimensions is required.     

绿色设计方法——设计领域发展的新趋势

 简要地介绍了设计领域发展的新趋势—绿色设计的基本思想，综述了绿色设计各主要研究领域的现状和问题以及发展趋势，阐明了我国开展绿色设计的研究与应用的必要性与可行性．     

A simultaneous optimization approach for the design of wastewater and heat exchange networks based on cost estimation

A new systematic methodology for designing wastewater and heat exchange networks for process industries involving effluent streams containing multiple contaminants is proposed. A simultaneous optimization approach mathematically combines the problems of wastewater and heat exchanger network optimization into a single step. This process includes two global iterations of a similar two-stage approach and optimizes networks for water and heat exchange simultaneously based on cost estimation. The objective function is to minimize the total annual cost of the wastewater and heat exchange network design which is subject to the mass and energy balance constraints on all the pertinent flows and to constraints related to the concentrations of contaminants. The proposed method employs a strategy to address a mixed integer non-linear programming (MINLP) formulation. Cost estimates for optimized wastewater and heat exchange networks for an oil refinery process are generated, illustrating the effectiveness of the proposed methodology.     

Parametric study along with selection of optimal solutions in dry wire cut machining of cemented tungsten carbide (WC-Co)

This work deals with parametric study of dry wire EDM (WEDM) process of cemented tungsten carbide. Experiments have been conducted using air as dielectric medium to investigate effects of pulse on time, pulse off time, gap set voltage, discharge current and wire tension on cutting velocity (CV) surface roughness (SR) and oversize (OS). Firstly, a series of exploratory experiments were carried out to identify appropriate gas and its pressure. Afterward, preliminary experiments were conducted to investigate effects of process parameters on dry WEDM characteristics and find appropriate ranges for each factor. Then a central composite rotatable method was employed to design experiments based on response surface methodology (RSM). Empirical models were developed to create relationships between process factors and responses by considering to analysis of variances (ANOVA). To increase the predictability of the process, intelligent models have been developed based on back-propagation neural network (BPNN) and accuracy of these models was compared with mathematical models based on root mean square error (RMSE) and prediction error percent (PEP). In order to select optimal solutions in the cases of single-objective and multi-objectives optimization problems, optimization includes two main approaches. First approach was based on mathematical model and desirability function. Also second approach was designed based on neural network and particle swarm optimization. These approaches were applied in both cases of single-objective and multi-objectives optimization problems and their results were compared with together. Results indicated that selection of air at inlet pressure of 1.5 bar is really appropriate for conducting experiments of next stages. Also, the BPNN creates more accurate prediction rather than mathematical model. Moreover, the BPNN-PSO approach was more efficient in optimization of process rather than mathematical model-desirability function in respect with validation tests.     

Options for the comparison of process design alternatives in the context of regional toxicological impacts

Process design alternatives can be compared in terms of effluents and energy consumption. Approaches can be used to account for differences in regional exposure and associated toxicological effect parameters. A significant number of approaches have been published in the literature to achieve these objectives. However, selection of a methodology is typically subjective and influenced by resource availability (knowledge and economic). Often criteria are not used to guide designers in their selection or to steer associated research activities. In this paper, the merits and applicability of five types of methodology are considered with the help of a hierarchical framework.     

Sterilization of Escherichia coli cells by the application of pulsed magnetic field

The inactivation of microorganisms by pulsed magnetic field was studied. It was improved that the application of electromagnetic pulses evidently causes a lethal effect on E. coil cells suspended in phosphate buffer solution Na2HPO4/NaH2 PO4 (0.334/0.867mmol/L). Experimental results indicated that the survivability( N/N0 ; where N0 and N are the number of cells survived per milliliter before and after electromagnetic pulses application, respectively) of E. coil decreased with magnetic field intensity B and treatment time t. It was also found that the medium temperatures, the frequencies of pulse f, and the initial bacterial cell concentrations have determinate influences in destruction of E. coil cells by the application of magnetic pulses. The application of an magnetic intensity B = 160 mT at pulses frequency f= 62 kHz and treatment time t = 16 h result in a considerable destruction levels of E. coil cells ( N/N0=10^-4). Possible mechanisms involved in sterilization of the magnetic field treatment were discussed. In order to shorten the treatment time, many groups of parallel inductive coil were used. The practicability test showed that the treatment time was shortened to 4 h with the application of three groups of parallel coil when the survivability of E. coli cells was less than 0.01%; and the power consumption was about 0.2 kWh/m^3 .     

不同草本植物间作对Cd污染土壤的修复效果

为了研究不同草本植物间作对空心菜Cd吸收效果及污染土壤中Cd移除率的影响,采用盆栽试验,以空心菜茎叶Cd消减率与土壤中Cd移除率为主要指标,研究了空心菜在Cd污染土壤中单作及与10种草本植物（高丹草,苏丹草,狼尾草,黑麦草,苦卖菜,菊苣,籽粒苋,三叶草,紫花苜蓿,紫云英）间作的Cd积累效应与对Cd污染土壤的修复效果.结果表明：不同间作处理对空心菜茎叶与根中Cd含量有显著影响,其中,空心菜与高丹草、苏丹草、狼尾草间作后,空心菜茎叶Cd含量显著降低,空心菜茎叶Cd的消减率分别达到34.0%、35.8%、34.3%;菊苣、籽粒苋、三叶草、紫花苜蓿及紫云英与空心菜间作对空心菜茎叶Cd吸收有不同程度促进作用.间作的不同草本植物对土壤中Cd的吸收间有显著差异,地上部Cd含量范围1.81~12.87mg/kg,最大相差7.1倍;不同间作植物茎叶中Cd含量大小为：苦荬菜 > 菊苣 > 苏丹草≈黑麦草 > 高丹草≈狼尾草 > 紫花苜蓿≈籽粒苋 > 三叶草≈紫云英.不同草本植物与空心菜间作对土壤Cd移除率为0.35%~1.49%,其中,高丹草、苏丹草、狼尾草对土壤Cd的移除率分别达到1.46%、1.49%和1.48%;高丹草、苏丹草、狼尾草间作不仅可以有效降低空心菜Cd含量,同时对污染土壤中Cd具有较高的移除率,在Cd污染农田土壤的间作修复中具有较好的应用价值.     

袋式除尘器脉冲阀性能评价方法及选型计算

在此阐述了袋式除尘器脉冲阀喷吹性能的评价指标和评价方法,并从工程应用的角度出发对脉冲阀清灰能力的评价方法提出了观点。同时介绍了一种简便实用的脉冲阀选型计算方法,供设计选型时参考。     

响应面法优化水力空化强化二氧化氯降解罗丹明B研究

利用响应面法的中心组合设计方法对水力空化强化二氧化氯降解罗丹明B实验进行设计,建立了二次多项式模型,并且模型拟合性较好。对实验条件进行优化,结果表明最佳实验条件为:入口压力为0.44 MPa,反应时间为100 min,二氧化氯浓度为33.74 mg/L。在最佳条件下,罗丹明B的实际降解率为92.2%,与预测值仅差0.3%。     

居住区水环境质量综合评价实例

通过实例分析居住区水环境质量综合评价指标的选取和隶属函数构成，介绍模糊综合评价计算机程序设计方法，并用Ｃ程序完成本例水环境质量的综合评价，为改善该区住区环境质量提出了参考意见。     

A methodology for the design of efficient resource conservation networks using adaptive swarm intelligence

The implementation of resource conservation schemes in industry can be enhanced through the application of systematic design methodologies. In particular, process integration methods allow resource consumption and waste generation in industrial plants to be reduced through the identification of efficient material reuse/recycle schemes. Various approaches, ranging from graphical pinch analysis to mathematical programming, have been developed by different researchers. Mathematical programming techniques provide considerable flexibility in the representation of network design problems, although in many cases, these approaches result in mixed integer non-linear programming (MINLP) models which are difficult to solve. This paper presents a simplified approach using a zero–one programming or “knapsack” formulation for the design of industrial material reuse/recycle networks. It is possible to solve the resulting model using an efficient heuristic algorithm based on adaptive particle swarm optimization. Two sample applications are provided to illustrate the methodology. The first case shows the application of the methodology to the implementation of industrial water conservation and the second case demonstrates its use in the design of a hydrogen gas reuse/recycle scheme in a refinery.     

A life-cycle framework to analyse business risk in process industry projects

The chemical and related process industries are particularly exposed to high environmentally related costs arising from normal operation and accidents, not only of their own processes but also other processes in their supply chains. A methodology (Process environmental risk assessment—PERA) is presented for the assessment of all such risks during the design of new processes. This can be seen as a project-centred risk assessment that seeks potential problems along the whole supply chain. Each activity, resource use or waste source along the supply chain represents a potential interaction between the supply chain and the environment. These potential interactions are identified systematically using a life-cycle based assessment. To assess the risk to the project or process supply chain arising from those interactions the relevant stakeholders must be identified. Their likely response can then be considered and ranked according to the risk it poses. The methodology facilitates the management and communication of risk, and is illustrated by application to some aspects of the manufacture of PVC. The method could equally be applied to the assessment of existing processes.     

Integration of ECQFD and LCA for sustainable product design

The purpose of this paper is to report a research carried out for ensuring sustainable product design by the integration of environmentally conscious quality function deployment (ECQFD) and life cycle assessment (LCA) approaches. Sustainability refers to the capability of an organization to maximize resource efficiency for ensuring clean and green atmosphere. The sustainable product development model integrated with ECQFD and LCA has been used for ensuring sustainable product design. The implementation study was carried out by gathering data from a single manufacturing organization. The implementation experiences indicated that methodology of sustainable product design is practically feasible and compatible. The findings and contributions of this research would be useful to the majority of the organizations situated in the world.     

中国省级环境决策支持系统的系统分析

中国省级环境决策支持系统(DSS)是基于GIS和各种模型的空间决策支持系统?该文介绍了DSS系统的系统分析方法和内容,包括软件需求说明?数据需求说明和总体设计      

Graphical strategies for design of evaporation crystallization networks for environmental wastewater applications

This paper introduces graphical strategies for the design of an evaporation/crystallization network for ternary wastewater environmental applications. Sources, sinks and other streams are located on a ternary composition diagram. While a source is any wastewater stream that has the potential to be recycled, a sink is any unit in the process that can accept sources. The proposed methodology is extremely simple to understand and implement, as it only requires basic solid-liquid phase equilibria data and uses lever arm principles to generate alternative process designs. Geometric constructions are carried out on the ternary composition diagram and the respective lever arms are used to determine intermediate flow rates in the evaporation/crystallization network. The relative locations and flow rates of the sources and sinks under consideration, as well as the unique shape of the solid-liquid equilibrium, drive the design of the separation (via evaporation/crystallization) network. Some generic structures are proposed for a typical evaporation and crystallization network. Once the general problem statement has been defined, special cases consisting of a single source-single sink, single source-two sinks and two sources-single sink are described. These special cases are representative of commonly occurring industrial wastewater design problems. Several graphical insights are listed that allow one to represent evaporation and crystallization operations on a ternary triangular composition diagram and avoid mathematical complexity. The possibility of bypassing a part of the initial feed streams is also considered. Certain feasible composition regions are identified on the ternary composition diagram for cases dealing with multiple sources and sinks. The methodology is useful in pre-screening and eliminating certain sources/sinks and is readily applicable to cases with lower number of sources and sinks. A case study involving the ammonium nitrate manufacturing process is included to demonstrate the broad applicability and value of the proposed approach.     

Design and tuning of a fuzzy logic controller for micro-hole electrical discharge machining

The design and tuning of a three-input fuzzy logic controller for electrical discharge machining (EDM) of diesel injector spray holes are presented. The tuning process is based on the variable type and discretization level to balance the data precision and computational time for servo motion updates in the fuzzy logic controller and is performed to improve the micro-hole EDM drilling time. The type and number of input parameters are studied to select the gap voltage, spark ratio, and change of spark ratio as input parameters for the fuzzy logic controller. A gain scheduling controller is used as the baseline and shows excellent drilling time in drilling a 1.14 mm thick workpiece using a 150 μm diameter wire electrode. The tuned fuzzy logic controller is comparable with the gain scheduling controller in drilling time and demonstrates its advantages on different EDM drilling configurations, including deep-hole and small-diameter micro-hole drilling. Analysis of EDM pulse trains reveals insights for controller design and identifies requirements for further improvement.