Characterization of dissolved organic matter as N-nitrosamine precursors based on hydrophobicity, molecular weight and fluorescence

It is very important to identify the dominant precursors for N-nitrosamine formation from bulk organic matter, to enhance the understanding of N-nitrosamine formation pathways in water treatment plants and allow the development of practical treatment technologies. In this study, dissolved organic matter (DOM) from two source waters was fractionated with XAD resins and ultra- filtration membranes. The N-nitrosamine formation potential (FP) (ng of N-nitrosamines formed per mg of dissolved organic carbon (DOC)) from raw water and each fraction were measured and correlated with the fluorescence excitation-emission matrix (EEM), molecular weight (MW) and other assays. The results showed that the hydrophilic fraction had N-nitrosamine FP 1.3 to 3.5 times higher than the hydrophobic fraction from both source waters. The DOM fraction with low MW was the dominant fraction in these two source waters and contributed more precursors for N-nitrosamine formation than the larger MW fraction. The EEM spectra indicated there were notable amounts of soluble microbial products (SMPs) and aromatic proteins in the two studied rivers, which probably originated from wastewater discharge. The SMPs tended to be more closely correlated with N-nitrosodimethylamine formation potential than the other DOM components. Higher N-nitrosamine FP were also related to fractions with lower DOC/DON ratios and lower SUVA 254 values.     

Characterization of disinfection byproduct formation potential in 13 source waters in China

The formation potential of four trihalomethanes (THMFP) and seven haloacetic acids (HAA7FP) in 13 source waters taken from four major water basin areas in China was evaluated using the simulated distribution system (SDS) chlorination method. The specific ultraviolet absorbance (SUVA254: the ratio of UV254 to dissolved organic carbon (DOC)), which ranged between 0.9 and 5.0 L/(mg m), showed that the organic compounds in di erent source waters exhibited di erent reactivities with chlorine. The HAA7FP of source waters ranged from 20 to 448 g/L and the THMFP ranged from 29 to 259 g/L. The HAA7FP concentrations were higher than the THMFP concentrations in all but one of the samples. Therefore, the risks of haloacetic acids (HAAs) should be of concern in some source waters. TCM (chloroform) and BDCM (bromodichloromethane) were the major THM constituents, while TCAA (trichloroacetic acid) and DCAA (dichloroacetic acid) were the major HAA species. Br-THM (brominated THM species) were much higher than Br- HAA (brominated HAA species), and the formation of Br-DBP (Br-THM and Br-HAA) should be of concern when the bromide concentration is over 100 g/L.     

臭氧组合工艺冬季处理黄河水的研究

冬季条件下生物预处理、常规处理及深度处理组合工艺处理黄河水的研究结果表明,在原水水质较好的情况下,组合工艺对高锰酸钾指数、DOC、UV254、色度、浊度和氨氮的平均去除率分别为38.6%、40.1%、58.3%、60.5%、86.4%和74.8%。此外,组合工艺对总藻也有较高的去除率。组合工艺对磷有很好的去除效果,能把可溶性磷浓度控制在0.01mg/L以下。     

湿地垦殖对土壤微生物量及土壤溶解有机碳、氮的影响

对三江平原天然沼泽湿地及湿地垦殖后的农田、弃耕还湿地、人工林地等不同土地利用方式下表层土壤(0～10cm)的活性碳、氮组分:微生物量碳(MBC)、微生物量氮(MBN)、溶解有机碳(DOC)、溶解有机氮(DON)进行了研究.结果表明,天然小叶章沼泽湿地垦殖为农田后,表层土壤各活性碳、氮组分显著降低:MBC减少了63.8%～80.5%; MBN减少了56.3%～67.1%; DOC减少了43.1%～44.3%; DON减少了25.2%～56.1%.农田弃耕还湿和人工造林后表层土壤的活性碳、氮组分有明显恢复的趋势,各组分恢复到天然小叶章湿地土壤水平的36.1%～59.9%(MBC);46.7%～65.9%(MBN);67.0%～69.3%(DOC);81.2%～88.3%(DON),土地利用方式是影响土壤MBC、MBN、DOC、DON变化的重要因素;各土地利用方式表层土壤的DOC、DON、MBC、MBN呈显著的正相关关系,土地利用方式对表层土壤DOC的影响大于对DON的影响;各土地利用方式下土壤微生物可利用碳、氮的来源不同是影响DOC、DON与MBC、MBN相关性差别明显的主要原因.     

水质净化生物滤池工艺的微生物群落特征及运行效果研究

为探讨水质净化生物滤池(生物强化滤池和生物活性炭滤池)工艺的微生物群落特征和运行效果,采用Biolog和PCR-SSCP (单链构象多态性)技术分析生物滤池中的微生物群落代谢功能与结构,测定生物滤池进出水NH⁺₄-N、NO^-₂-N、高锰酸盐指数、UV₂₅₄和BDOC等指标,考察其净水效果. 结果表明,原水经过生物滤池后,出水微生物群落代谢活性显著降低,说明生物滤池截留了原水中的活性微生物. 工艺运行6个月后,2个生物强化滤池中微生物群落代谢特征相似,其碳源利用率分别为73.4%和75.5%. 2个生物活性炭滤池中微生物群落代谢特征存在明显差异,颗粒活性炭生物滤池微生物群落碳源利用率79.6%高于柱状活性炭生物滤池的53.8%(p>＜0.01). PCR-SSCP分析表明各生物滤池微生物群落呈多样性,优势菌群基本一致. 研究还发现,生物强化滤池中的填料对微生物群落结构和代谢功能的影响较小,2种生物强化滤池净水能力无统计学差异(p>＞0.05);而生物活性炭滤池的颗粒活性炭填料有利于微生物群落生长繁殖,微生物群落有较强的代谢活性,其滤池对NH⁺₄-N、高锰酸盐指数、BDOC的去除效果优于柱状活性炭生物滤池(p>＜0.05);这也提示生物滤池运行效果与滤池中微生物群落代谢能力有关.     

基于孔结构调控强化BEAC工艺生物降解效能

为进一步提升生物增强活性炭工艺（BEAC）中炭表面的功能菌载持量及生物降解活性,通过CO₂接触氧化与深度活化相结合的压块炭制备改进工艺对煤质净水炭的孔结构进行调控.结果表明：基于改进工艺制备的XHIT型炭的中孔容积（0.7041cm³/g）及中孔容积率（63.95%）显著提高,其表面复合功能菌初始固定化生物量达到9.13mmol/g（以P计）,增殖速率为2.123mmol/（g·d）（以P计）.深度活化产生的高含氧量（9.96%）显著降低了XHIT型炭表面吸附作用对水中溶解氧亲和度（（0.42±0.07）mg DO/L）,功能菌生物降解对水中溶解氧的利用效率达到91.17%.基于XHIT型炭构建的BEAC工艺（通水倍数为39.50m³/kg）对松花江水源水中的微量有机污染物（COD_Mn）的平均去除率达到（70.65±15.22）%,有机污染物累积去除量达到94655.50mg COD_Mn/kg炭.     

Effect of a seasonal di use pollution migration on natural organic matter behavior in a stratified dam reservoir

This article aims to describe the influence of di use pollution on the temporal and spatial characteristics of natural organic matter (NOM) in a stratified dam reservoir, the Daecheong Dam, on the basis of intensive observation results and the dynamic water quality simulation using CE-QUAL-W2. Turbidity is regarded as a comprehensive representation of allochothonous organic matter from di use sources in storm season because the turbidity concentration showed reasonable significance in a statistical correlation with the UV absorbance at 254 nm and total phosphorus. CE-QUAL-W2 simulation results showed good consistency with the observed data in terms of dissolved organic matter (DOM) including refractory dissolved organic carbon (RDOC) and labile DOC and also well explained the internal movement of constituents and stratification phenomenon in the reservoir. Instead turbidity and NOM were related well in the upper region of the reservoir according to flow distance, gradually as changing to dissolved form of organic matter, RDOM a ected organic matter concentration of reservoir water quality compared to turbidity. To control the increase of soluble organic matters in the dam reservoir, appropriate dam water discharge gate operation provided e ective measurement. Because of the gate operation let avoid the accumulation of organic matter within a dam reservoir by shorten of turbid regime retention time.     

Effect of a seasonal diffuse pollution migration on natural organic matter behavior in a stratified dam reservoir

This article aims to describe the influence of diffuse pollution on the temporal and spatial characteristics of natural organic matter (NOM) in a stratified dam reservoir, the Daecheong Dam, on the basis of intensive observation results and the dynamic water quality simulation using CE-QUAL-W2. Turbidity is regarded as a comprehensive representation of allochothonous organic matter from diffuse sources in storm season because the turbidity concentration showed reasonable significance in a statistical correlation with the UV absorbance at 254 nm and total phosphorus. CE-QUAL-W2 simulation results showed good consistency with the observed data in terms of dissolved organic matter (DOM) including refractory dissolved organic carbon (RDOC) and labile DOC and also well explained the internal movement of constituents and stratification phenomenon in the reservoir. Instead turbidity and NOM were related well in the upper region of the reservoir according to flow distance, gradually as changing to dissolved form of organic matter, RDOM affected organic matter concentration of reservoir water quality compared to turbidity. To control the increase of soluble organic matters in the dam reservoir, appropriate dam water discharge gate operation provided effective measurement. Because of the gate operation let avoid the accumulation of organic matter within a dam reservoir by shorten of turbid regime retention time.     

臭氧-生物活性炭对南方河网典型污染物的去除特性

以我国南方河网原水中有机物和季节性溴化物(Br^-)为对象,研究臭氧-生物活性炭(BAC)工艺净化过程中有机物相对分子质量(M_r)分布变化及溴酸盐(BrO^-₃)和消毒副产物(THMs)的形成规律.结果表明,原水中M_r在10³以下的有机物(DOC)约占总量的80%,常规工艺主要表现为对M_r >100×10³有机物的去除,出水DOC去除率为8%、 SUVA(UV₂₅₄/DOC)值下降14%;臭氧-活性炭工艺主要去除10³<M_r<5×10³的有机物,但亲水性小分子有机物抑制生物降解作用,出水DOC去除率仅提高至30%、SUVA值下降31%.当臭氧投加量高于2 mg/Ｌ时,臭氧氧化出水中BrO^-₃增加明显,氧化过程原水中Br^-浓度升高BrO^-₃生成量增大;生物活性炭对BrO^-₃的去除率平均仅为13%,且波动较大.与常规处理相比,臭氧-生物活性炭处理后各类THMs均有减少,总量减少40%;但氯量和Br^-对溴代副产物影响大,主要为CHBr₃生成量增加.     

非膜技术处理生物稳定渗滤液的效果及成本

以经厌氧-好氧处理的生物稳定渗滤液为研究对象,分别比较了其经活性炭吸附、混凝、芬顿和电解处理后的溶解性有机碳(DOC)、COD、溶解性氮(DN)和比紫外吸光度(SUV254)的变化,及去除单位COD的成本变化.研究发现,活性炭吸附、芬顿和混凝对生物稳定渗滤液的COD、DOC和DN的去除效率均随药剂投加量的增加而提高;包...     

2019年长江口及其邻近海域溶解有机物的分布和季节变化特征

2019年3月和7月分别采集长江口及其邻近海域表层和底层的海水样品,测定了其中溶解有机碳（DOC）浓度和有色溶解有机物（CDOM）的吸收光谱。本文根据DOC浓度和CDOM吸收系数a₂₅₄、比紫外吸光度SUVA₂₅₄、光谱斜率S_275-295等参数对该区域溶解有机物（DOM）的分布情况和季节变化进行了研究。结果表明,DOC浓度和a₂₅₄指征的CDOM丰度总体表现出近岸高、外海低的特点;指征CDOM芳香性的SUVA₂₅₄和指征CDOM平均分子量的S_275-295分别随着离岸距离的增加逐渐降低和升高,表明CDOM的芳香性和平均分子量均逐渐降低;两个航次表层的DOC浓度、CDOM丰度、芳香性及平均分子量均显著高于底层;7月和3月相比,DOC浓度、CDOM丰度及芳香性较高,但未发现平均分子量存在显著的季节变化;DOC浓度、a₂₅₄、SUVA₂₅₄、S_275-295均与盐度呈现显著的相关关系,其中,DOC浓度、a₂₅₄、SUVA₂₅₄呈现负相关关系,而S_275-295呈现正相关关系。上述参数与盐度的相关系数（R2）表明,DOC和CDOM在3月较为保守,而在7月（尤其是在表层）不保守程度明显升高。     

Comparison of different combined treatment processes to address the source water with high concentration of natural organic matter during snowmelt period

The source water in one forest region of the Northeast China had very high natural organic matter(NOM) concentration and heavy color during snowmelt period. The efficiency of five combined treatment processes was compared to address the high concentration of NOM and the mechanisms were also analyzed. Conventional treatment can hardly remove dissolved organic carbon(DOC) in the source water. KMn O4pre-oxidization could improve the DOC removal to 22.0%. Post activated carbon adsorption improved the DOC removal of conventional treatment to 28.8%. The non-sufficient NOM removal could be attributed to the dominance of large molecular weight organic matters in raw water, which cannot be adsorbed by the micropore upon activated carbon. O3+ activated carbon treatment are another available technology for eliminating the color and UV254 in water. However, its performance of DOC removal was only 36.4%, which could not satisfy the requirement for organic matter. The limited ozone dosage is not sufficient to mineralize the high concentration of NOM. Magnetic ion-exchange resin combined with conventional treatment could remove 96.2%of color, 96.0% of UV254 and 87.1% of DOC, enabling effluents to meet the drinking water quality standard. The high removal efficiency could be explained by the negative charge on the surface of NOM which benefits the static adsorption of NOM on the anion exchange resin. The results indicated that magnetic ion-exchange resin combined with conventional treatment is the best available technology to remove high concentration of NOM.     

Comparison of different combined treatment processes to address the source water with high concentration of natural organic matter during snowmelt period

The source water in one forest region of the Northeast China had very high natural organic matter (NOM) concentration and heavy color during snowmelt period. The efficiency of five combined treatment processes was compared to address the high concentration of NOM and the mechanisms were also analyzed. Conventional treatment can hardly remove dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in the source water. KMnO₄ pre-oxidization could improve the DOC removal to 22.0%. Post activated carbon adsorption improved the DOC removal of conventional treatment to 28.8%. The non-sufficient NOM removal could be attributed to the dominance of large molecular weight organic matters in raw water, which cannot be adsorbed by the micropore upon activated carbon. O₃ + activated carbon treatment are another available technology for eliminating the color and UV₂₅₄ in water. However, its performance of DOC removal was only 36.4%, which could not satisfy the requirement for organicmatter. The limited ozone dosage is not sufficient to mineralize the high concentration of NOM. Magnetic ion-exchange resin combined with conventional treatment could remove 96.2% of color, 96.0% of UV₂₅₄ and 87.1% of DOC, enabling effluents to meet the drinking water quality standard. The high removal efficiency could be explained by the negative charge on the surface of NOM which benefits the static adsorption of NOM on the anion exchange resin. The results indicated that magnetic ion-exchange resin combined with conventional treatment is the best available technology to remove high concentration of NOM.     

长江口有机碳的时空分异及耦合行为

依据2014年5月、11月于长江口及其邻近海域两个航次的综合环境调查,对颗粒态有机碳（POC）和溶解态有机碳（DOC）在长江口水域的迁移分布及相互转化进行分析。结果表明,长江口DOC和POC浓度整体都遵循南部高、北部低,近岸高、远岸低的分布规律。春季DOC贡献率为18.44%～71.50%,均值为（46.78±13.87）%;秋季为25.46%～84.97%,均值为（63.35±14.63）%。在近岸水域尤其是最大浑浊带（TMZ）附近以POC为主;近海区则以DOC为主,且表层DOC贡献高于底层。长江口水域有机碳物源复杂且主要为陆源输入贡献,底层海洋和三角洲来源的贡献更高。在长江口水域DOC和POC之间存在着形态比例转化,主要受盐度和悬浮颗粒物（TSM）动态变化的控制;当水体中TSM浓度大于98.41 mg/L时,长江口有机碳以颗粒态为主,反之则以溶解态为主。TMZ是有机碳浓度和形态转变的重要场所,POC在此发生沉降并矿化,强水动力导致的解吸和微生物的降解作用可能会促使其向DOC转化。     

混凝-吸附处理黄河水及对氯消毒中氯衰减的影响

选用2种无机高分子混凝剂聚合氯化铁(PFC)和聚合氯化铝(PAC)处理黄河水,考察了混凝剂的投加量对浊度、UV254、DOC和高锰酸盐指数的去除效果,并结合混凝出水的Zeta电位分析其混凝机制.选择粉末活性炭与混凝联用,研究了混凝剂和吸附剂投加量以及二者的投加顺序对有机物去除效果的影响,并对混凝吸附后出水进行加氯消毒,考察水中残余氯随时间的变化.结果表明,2种混凝剂均有较高的浊度去除率(﹥90%).PAC对UV254、高锰酸盐指数和DOC的去除率分别为29.2%、26.1%和27.9%;PFC对三者的去除率分别为32.3%、23.3%和32.9%.PAC在混凝过程中,电中和作用占主导地位;PFC在混凝过程中,吸附架桥和电中和同时发挥作用.混凝-吸附联用处理黄河水样时,有机物的去除率随混凝剂和吸附剂投加量的增加而升高.先混凝后吸附工艺对UV254和DOC的去除效果优于先吸附后混凝工艺.先使用PAC混凝后吸附对UV254和DOC的去除率分别为95.2%和99.9%;对于PFC,先混凝后吸附对UV254和DOC的去除率分别为90.1%和99.9%.但是先投加粉末活性炭能提高矾花的沉降性能,且处理出水在保持持续消毒效果方面优于前者.     

Simultaneous removal of dissolved organic matter and bromide from drinking water source by anion exchange resins for controlling disinfection by-products

Anion exchange resins （AERs） with different properties were evaluated for their ability to remove dissolved organic matter （DOM） and bromide, and to reduce disinfection by-product （DBP） formation potentials of water collected from a eutrophic surface water source in Japan. DOM and bromide were simultaneously removed by all selected AERs in batch adsorption experiments. A polyacrylic magnetic ion exchange resin （MIEX） showed faster dissolved organic carbon （DOC） removal than other AERs because it had the smallest resin bead size. Aromatic DOM fractions with molecular weight larger than 1600 Da and fluorescent organic fractions of fulvic acid- and humic acid-like compounds were efficiently removed by all AERs. Polystyrene AERs were more effective in bromide removal than polyacrylic AERs. This result implied that the properties of AERs, i.e. material and resin size, influenced not only DOM removal but also bromide removal efficiency, MIEX showed significant chlorinated DBP removal because it had the highest DOC removal within 30 rain, whereas polystyrene AERs efficiently removed brominated DBPs, especially brominated trihalomethane species. The results suggested that, depending on source water DOM and bromide concentration, selecting a suitable AER is a key factor in effective control of chlorinated and brominated DBPs in drinking water.     

磁性离子交换树脂对原水中有机物去除效能的研究

采用磁性离子交换树脂(MIEX)预处理原水中有机物的中试试验结果表明,MIEX技术可有效地去除原水中的有机物,对UV254,DOC和CODMn的去除率分别稳定在82%、66%和50%,MIEX预处理可以有效强化混凝沉淀对有机物、藻细胞和浊度的去除.与常规工艺相比,在混凝剂聚合氯化铝投加量降低56%时,该工艺对UV254和CODMn的去除率分别为90%和71%,对藻细胞数和浊度的去除率分别为99%和95%.对溶解性有机物分级和分子量分布的测定表明,MIEX预处理主要去除混凝沉淀无法有效去除的小分子区间的亲水性和疏水性有机物,可以有效控制消毒副产物的产生,MIEX预处理与混凝沉淀联用工艺出水的三卤甲烷生成势(THMFP)和卤乙酸生成势(HAAFP)比原水降低了88%和87%.     

混凝沉淀过程中铝系混凝剂的形态转化规律

研究了模拟配水中硫酸铝和氯化铝2种传统铝凝聚剂和2种聚合氯化铝(PAC)絮凝剂在混凝过程中的形态转化规律以及原水浊度和溶解性有机碳(DOC)对残余铝形态分布的影响.结果表明,在低浊体系中,投加铝系混凝剂是导致出水余铝升高的主要原因;但在高浊体系中,铝系混凝剂,尤其是聚合铝具有一定的除铝功能;混凝沉淀过程中传统铝凝聚剂的残余铝总量明显高于聚合铝混凝剂的残余铝总量;聚合铝混凝剂的残余铝全部为悬浮态铝,传统铝混凝剂的残余铝中还存在着胶体态铝和溶解态铝.原水浊度和DOC浓度增加,会提高残余铝中胶体态铝和溶解态铝的含量.     

北京自备井水源内毒素污染及与其他水质参数的相关分析

本研究采集驻京部队14个自备井水源样品,采用动态浊度东方鲎试验定量检测内毒素活性,同时检测了细菌总数(流式细胞术法)、异养菌平板计数(HPC)、菌落总数(平板法)、总大肠菌群、颗粒物特征、浊度、溶解性有机碳(DOC)和UV254值,比较了内毒素与这些水质参数的相关性.结果表明自备井水源的总内毒素活性为0.15~13.20 EU·m L~(-1),其中游离态内毒素活性为0.10~5.29 EU·m L~(~(-1)),结合态内毒素活性为0.01~8.60 EU·m L~(-1).对于内毒素污染较严重的自备井水源来说,结合态内毒素所占比例明显高于游离态内毒素.总内毒素与其他水质参数关联顺序为细菌总数(流式细胞术法)(r=0.88)HPC(r=0.79)DOC(r=0.77)UV254(r=0.57)总大肠菌群(r=0.50)菌落总数-平板法(r=0.49)=浊度(r=0.49)颗粒物总数(r=0.41).结合态内毒素与其他水质参数关联顺序为细菌总数-流式细胞术法(r=0.81)HPC(r=0.66)总大肠菌群(r=0.65)浊度(r=0.62)颗粒物总数(r=0.58)菌落总数(平板法)(r=0.22).游离态内毒素与水中DOC、UV254的相关系数r分别为0.58和0.26,结果表明游离态内毒素与水中DOC的相关性较大,与UV254相关性很小.     

Control of petroleum-hydrocarbon contaminated groundwater by intrinsic and enhanced bioremediation

In the first phase of this study, the e ectiveness of intrinsic bioremediation on the containment of petroleum hydrocarbons was evaluated at a gasoline spill site. Evidences of the occurrence of intrinsic bioremediation within the BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes) plume included (1) decreased BTEX concentrations; (2) depletion of dissolved oxygen (DO), nitrate, and sulfate; (3) production of dissolved ferrous iron, methane, and CO2; (4) deceased pH and redox potential; and (5) increased methanogens, total heterotrophs, and total anaerobes, especially within the highly contaminated areas. In the second phase of this study, enhanced aerobic bioremediation process was applied at site to enhance the BTEX decay rates. Air was injected into the subsurface near the mid-plume area to biostimulate the naturally occurring microorganisms for BTEX biodegradation. Field results showed that enhanced bioremediation process caused the change of BTEX removal mechanisms from anaerobic biodegradation inside the plume to aerobic biodegradation. This variation could be confirmed by the following field observations inside the plume due to the enhanced aerobic bioremediation process: (1) increased in DO, CO2, redox potential, nitrate, and sulfate, (2) decreased in dissolved ferrous iron, sulfide, and methane, (3) increased total heterotrophs and decreased total anaerobes. Field results also showed that the percentage of total BTEX removal increased from 92% to 99%, and the calculated total BTEX first-order natural attenuation rates increased from 0.0092% to 0.0188% per day, respectively, after the application of enhanced bioremediation system from the spill area to the downgradient area (located approximately 300 m from the source area).