复杂地形大气污染扩散模式选用研究

在大气环境影响评价中,大气扩散和大气湍流受地形因素的影响较大。在以往的大气环境影响评价中,往往只利用现有的理论模型把实际的情况理想化,公式化导致预测的结果和实际情况有较大偏差。地形越简单,偏差越小;地形越复杂,偏差越大。针对以上情况,从相关的模型入手,主要探讨复杂地形条件下,污染物在大气中的扩散,从而研究复杂地形因素在大气环境影响评价等级判定中的应用。通过分析扩散模型的原理及参数、大气稳定度、扩散参数、复杂地形的处理和建筑物下洗等,得出2008版大气技术导则在原理和技术上,比1993版的大气技术导则的先进性、优越性及在今后环境影响评价工作中应注意的细节。本研究的成果对大气环境影响评价工作将起到极大的促进作用。     

大气扩散模型AERMOD与CALPUFF输入数据的对比研究

科学地选取大气扩散模型是计算结果能够反映客现实际的前提.输入数据处理的正确与否直接影响后续大气扩散模型的预测结果.比较不同模型输入数据之间的差异是模型选取的主要依据之一.文章简述了大气扩散模型AERMOD和CALPUFF的技术流程,对两个模型的气象数据、地理数据和污染源数据进行了对比.对于利用大气扩散模型预测污染趋势具有一定的参考价值和实际意义.     

美国AERMOD模型与中国大气导则推荐模型点源比较

介绍了美国AERMOD模型和中国大气导则推荐模型一般浓度公式,通过大气稳定度和扩散参数的确定、复杂地形处理和对流条件下污染物扩散等原理方面的比较认为,AERMOD模型优于大气导则推荐模型.以美国环境保护局(USEPA)2个试验场Clifty Creek(平坦地形)和Lovett(复杂地形)的数据资料为比较数据,分别用AERMOD模型和大气导则推荐模型计算SO₂小时质量浓度,在Pasquill 6类稳定度下用相对偏差(FB)、预测值与观测值的比率(RHC_R)及图形法(Q-Q图)等进行模型比较,结果表明:在RHC_R和FB中,AERMOD模型除个别值外,其他均好于大气导则推荐模型;而大气导则推荐模型存在接近或大于模型可靠性界限0.67(0.66和0.74),说明其可靠性比AERMOD模型差;图形法比较中,强不稳定和不稳定下AERMOD模型明显好于大气导则推荐模型,而大气导则推荐模型预测值明显偏低,其他稳定度下结果相差不大.研究认为:在平坦地形和复杂地形条件下,AERMOD模型点源预测值均优于大气导则推荐模型,并从原理上进行了解释.      

基于CALPUFF模型的漳州市大气环境容量研究

研究表明：CALPUFF模式是运用于广域的大气扩散模型,在区域范围较大的复杂地形条件下的应用具有突出的优势.利用CALPUFF大气扩散模型模拟漳州市2009年气象场和污染物浓度场,采用监测值对模拟结果进行验证表明模型的适用性;基于现状污染源,建立大气污染物传递系数矩阵,结合线性优化法测算了不同环境空气质量标准下漳州市大气环境容量.     

多源模型在确定区域SO2环境容量中的应用

大气扩散模型和容量测算工具有多种选择.一个关键的问题是对各种模型进行比较和检验,选择一种适合当地实际的模型或工具,进行参数选择和调整,得到相对比较准确、合理的大气环境容量测算结果.计算SO2环境容量是区域环境影响评价的重要组成部分.本研究对区域大气SO2环境容量测算进行了两种设计,针对这两种容量设计,选择了两种测算模式,比例模式和线性规划模式.分别计算出现状排放源布局及排放状况不变的条件下的SO2现状环境容量;以及对现状排放源进行合理分配的规划环境容量.     

我国南方某填埋场作业面氨气释放和扩散规律分析

为了研究氨气对填埋场周边环境的影响,采用现场静态箱试验测试了杭州市某填埋场作业面氨气的释放速率.把静态箱方法得到的氨气释放通量作为Calpuff模型及高斯模型释放源强,对填埋场中氨气的扩散进行了模拟,并将两种方法得出的氨气扩散范围进行了比较.结果表明:研究区由于气温等原因,氨气释放通量8月最强,1月最弱,两者相差达4倍.Calpuff模拟结果表明源强越大,最终扩散距离越远,且氨气浓度在距作业面300~600 m处达到最大.高斯模型模拟结果表明,该地区大气稳定度较稳定条件下(E级)更有利于氨气的扩散;风速越大,氨气在扩散过程中越易被稀释,最终扩散影响距离越短.大气稳定度为E级条件下,Calpuff模型得出影响距离是高斯模型结果的1.16~1.69倍,高斯模型相对于Calpuff模型低估了该地区氨气扩散的能力.该现场试验和模型模拟的结果对填埋场臭气控制具有重要的指导意义.     

三种常用大气扩散模型比较

针对各模型在气象资料使用、风向持续累积影响、地形对烟云阻挡影响、零浓度、上风向浓度和日夜浓度比较等问题,采用实例和设定情景,比较分析了3个常用大气扩散模型ADMS、AERMOD和CALPUFF的计算结果,对模型正常情景下浓度计算、地形对烟云的阻挡、气象资料、地理经度等方面进行了比较分析,有助于客观认识各模型的特点、准确性和局限性。     

对封闭型大气扩散模型应用的探讨

在建设项目的环境影响评价中 ,对高架点源排出的大气污染物扩散进行模拟预测 ,不同的扩散模型代表着不同污染气象条件下的扩散结果。选择有代表性的扩散模型客观地反映污染物对环境影响的结果才有助于指导建设项目的实施。本文通过对封闭型扩散模型的使用条件分析 ,提出了正确使用该模型的方法。     

高斯模型的干湿沉积化学转化综合公式研究

污染物在大气中被稀释扩散时 ,还会发生干沉积、湿沉积和化学转化过程 ,所有这些都会影响污染物在大气中的分布。目前高斯模型对污染物的非扩散过程基本不考虑 ,使得环境影响评价中城市尺度的大气预测结果不合理 ,因此提出干湿沉积化学转化综合公式 ,指明了各个参数的计算方法 ,并以上海市化工区为例进行应用计算     

一种线源扩散模型的建立及算法实现

针对线源扩散的特点,在高斯扩散理论的基础上,建立了一种可用于城市开阔路、高架桥上层路的机动车尾气扩散模型,用C++语言实现了模型算法。该模型可用在风向与线源成任意角度(包含平行风)时线源在大气中的扩散计算上。模式的计算结果与城市空气质量模拟软件(ADMS)的计算结果吻合良好。     

The mobilisation potential of trace metals in aquatic sediments as a tool for sediment quality classification

Heavy metal contents and distributions in aquatic sediments in the Belgian rivers Dommel, a well oxygenated, non-navigable river with sandy bottom sediments, and Bovenschelde, a suboxic, frequently dredged river with muddy anoxic sediments, were assessed. To that aim two methods were used: firstly, pore water and total sediment analyses and secondly, sequential extraction experiments, providing the following operationally defined speciation forms: exchangeable and carbonate fraction, reducible fraction, oxidizable fraction and the residual fraction.In the anoxic sediments of the Bovenschelde the exchangeable and carbonate fraction is almost negligible for all elements except Mn, whereas 50 to 90% of the metals are bound to the residual fraction. In contrast, in the sandy sediments of the Dommel, the results are quite different for Cu, Zn and Cd: the exchangeable fraction is a dominant fraction for Zn, Cu is almost completely present in the oxidizable fraction and Cd is now distributed over all fractions except the residual one, which is still the most important for Fe and often also for Pb. Trace metal concentrations in porewaters are much higher in the Dommel compared to the Bovenschelde. In addition, the potential pH shift in these sediments due to oxygenation was calculated: the acid producing potential is slightly higher than the acid consuming capacity in the Dommel sediments in contrast to the sediments of the Bovenschelde. Combination of these results suggests an enhanced mobilisation potential of heavy metals in the sediments of the Dommel compared to the Bovenschelde. A sediment quality classification based on the mobilization potential of heavy metals is proposed. The sequential extraction method described in this paper can be used as an additional tool for evaluating the remediation needs if the different axes of the TRIAD show different signals. As a regular tool, however, the technique requires too much knowledge and is too expensive and time-consuming.     

引黄水库沉沙条渠沉积物的表面理化及分形特征研究

研究了引黄水库沉沙条渠泥沙沉积物的表面微观形貌和孔表面分形特征.采集了引黄供水鹊山水库沉沙条渠6个泥沙沉积物样品,对其粒径、形貌、孔隙结构、表面元素分布及分形特征进行分析,目的是考察由不同模型计算的颗粒孔表面分形维数和标度空间存在差异的原因,探讨这些颗粒表面微观形貌对其表面元素分布的影响.结果表明,泥沙沉积物颗粒的平均...     

饮用水氯化消毒过程的动力学模型研究进展

饮用水氯化消毒的安全性问题一直是水处理领域的研究重点,其氯化消毒过程动力学过程模型的建立,对于饮用水含氯量监测、评价及生成消毒副产物的控制具有重要意义。本文概述了饮用水氯化消毒过程的有关动力学模型研究现状及进展,从模型依据的机理和表达形式等方面分析了饮用水氯化消毒过程的动力学模型研究进展,介绍了广泛应用的几种模型,如Clark自由氯衰减模型、Valentine氯胺衰减模型等,通过对相关模型的原理、异同点、优缺点、适用性的对比及对影响模型的因素分析,对氯化消毒过程中动力学模型的今后发展趋势作了展望。     

地表水中含氮化合物变化及迁移规律初探

文章研究了上海某污染河道污染断面及其下游断面河水中几种含氮化合物及其底泥中总氮的含量变化,初步探索含氮化合物的转换规律及迁移。研究发现在污染断面,河水难以得到自净的机会,底泥中的总氮持续累积;在研究河流的下游断面,地表水中的含氮化合物含量变化与上游污染断面不完全一致,说明上游水体中的含氮化合物在向下游迁移,但迁移的同时,河道水质也受到其它含氮污染源的影响,并且由于水质的好转,溶解氧含量升高,同时发生了氨的硝化;而随着上覆水体的水质好转,底泥中的总氮含量也略有下降。     

沈阳市畜禽养殖环境承载力分析及预测

运用系统分析方法中灰色预测模型,对沈阳市自然状态下和处理部分粪污情况下的畜禽养殖环境承载能力进行了分析和预测。计算结果表明,应用灰色预测模型对畜禽养殖环境承载力进行分析,精确度较高。对沈阳市各区(县)、市畜禽养殖环境承载力进行了分析预测,依据计算得出的相应地区畜禽养殖环境承载力结果,能够更加科学地为畜禽养殖空间布局提供参考。同时分析得出,提高畜禽粪污处理率,可以有效的延缓畜禽养殖业给环境带来的生态压力,推迟畜禽养殖环境承载力达到警戒值的年限。     

太湖水质时空分布特征及内源释放规律研究

将太湖 2 0 0 1～ 2 0 0 2年的水质监测数据与空间数据相结合 ,采用基于因子分析的主成分分析方法将太湖的水质参数概括为 5个主成分 ,提取并反证了湖泊水质各个主成分的科学内涵 ,分别为 :水体营养指数 (F1)、富营养化指数 (F2 )、水体溶解氧指数 (F3 )、水体色度指数 (F4)和水体酸碱指数 (F5 ) ;研究了各主成分的空间分布特征和随时间的变化规律 .在室内环形水槽内模拟了水动力条件下太湖底泥的起动规律 ,得到了太湖底泥在 3种不同起动标准 (个别动、少量动、普遍动 )下的起动流速 ,并利用泥沙起动的理论模型给予了验证 ,最后得出太湖底泥在 3种不同起动标准下的起动流速分别为 :3 7.9cm·s- 1 ,46 7cm·s- 1 ,5 9 8cm·s- 1 .通过考察上覆水中TN、TP浓度的变化 ,建立了底泥中TN、TP释放率与水体流速的定量化关系 .并将太湖水量水质的同步监测资料应用在数学模型中 ,解决了以往模型中底泥释放率取为常数的不足 ,取得了较好的效果     

土地利用与流域水环境管理研究

从土地利用活动与环境的关系着手，分析得出物质流动是联系两者纽带的结论；提出了污染物及沉积物输移的计算模型；最后，探讨了通过土地利用来改善水环境的措施和方法。     

Runoff and sediment losses from 27 upland catchments in Southeast Asia: Impact of rapid land use changes and conservation practices

Rapid changes in upland farming systems in Southeast Asia generated predominantly by increased population pressure and ‘market forces’ have resulted in widespread land degradation that has been well documented at the plot scale. Yet, the links between agricultural activities in the uplands and downstream off-site effects remain largely unknown because of the difficulties in transferring results from plots to a larger scale. Many authors have thus pointed out the need for long-term catchment studies. The objective of this paper is to summarize the results obtained by the Management of Soil Erosion Consortium (MSEC) over the last 5 years from 27 catchments in five countries (Indonesia, Laos, Philippines, Thailand, and Vietnam). The purpose of the study was to assess the impacts of cultivation practices on annual runoff and erosion rates. Initial surveys in each catchment included topography, soils and land use. Monitoring included climatic, hydrologic and erosion (total sediment yield including bed load and suspended sediment load) data, land use and crop yields, and farmers’ income. In addition, new land management options were introduced through consultations with farmers and evaluated in terms of runoff and erosion. These included tree plantations, fruit trees, improved fallow with legumes, maize intercropped with legumes, planted fodder, native grass strips and agro-ecological practices (direct sowing and mulch-based conservation agriculture). Regressions analyses showed that runoff during the rainy season, and normalized runoff flow coefficient based on erosive rainfall during the rainy season (rainfall with intensity exceeding 25 mm h⁻¹) increase with the percentage of the catchment covered by maize. Both variables decrease with increasing soil depth, standard deviation of catchment slope (that reflects terrain roughness), and the percentages of the catchment covered by fallow (regular and improved), tree plantations and planted fodder. The best predictors of sediment yield were the surface percentages of maize, Job's tears, cassava and footpaths. The main conclusions generated from this study were: (i) soil erosion is predominantly influenced by land use rather than environmental characteristics not only at the plot scale but also at the catchment scale; (ii) slash-and-burn shifting cultivation with sufficiently long rotations (1 year of cultivation, 8 years of fallow) is too often unjustly blamed for degradation; (iii) in its place, continuous cropping of maize and cassava promotes high rates of soil erosion at the catchment scale; (iv) conservation technologies are efficient in reducing runoff and total sediment yield at the catchment scale; (v) the adoption of improved soil management technologies by upland farmers is not a function of the degree of intensification of their farming system and/or of their incomes. The results suggest that if expansion of maize and cassava into already degraded upland systems were to occur due to increased demand for biofuels, there is a risk of higher runoff and sediment generation. A failure to adopt appropriate land use management strategies will result in further rapid resource degradation with negative impacts to downstream communities.     

四川省清平水库流域非点源污染负荷计算

使用美国通用流失方程（ＵＳＬＥ）计算出四川清平水库流域１２个集水区域的高地潜在侵蚀量，并用０．２的输沙系数计算出每年流入水库中的泥沙为１９．３２万ｔ，同时也计算了氮磷进入水库的数量，文中讨论了ＵＳＬＥ模型在山区水库流域的适用性和模型参数的率定方法。