哈尔滨市2014年1-2月PM_(2.5)与主要空气污染物相关分析

为了解哈尔滨市主要空气污染物对PM2.5浓度变化的影响,利用SPSS软件及哈尔滨市南岗区2014年1-2月环境空气质量日报数据,对空气污染物中SO2、NO2、CO、O3、PM10、PM2.5进行了相关分析。结果显示,SO2、NO2、CO、O3、PM10与PM2.5均呈显著的正相关关系。结合相关性分析结果,建立了PM2.5与SO2、NO2、CO、PM10之间的主成分回归模型,并对模型进行了通径分析。分析结果表明,CO对PM2.5的直接影响最大,SO2、NO2、PM10对PM2.5的直接作用相对较小,但它们通过CO对PM2.5的间接作用较大。因此,在哈尔滨市1-2月主要空气污染物中,CO对PM2.5浓度的变化具有重要的影响。     

北京东北部城区大气细粒子与相关气体污染特征研究

于2008年7月~2009年4月的4个季节,在北京市朝阳区北部,利用VAPS通用型大气污染物采样仪(URG3000K)对大气细粒子(PM2.5)和环境空气中相关气体进行了同时采集,并利用IC离子色谱仪(DX-600型)分析了PM2.5中水溶性无机离子成分和环境空气中相关气体的含量.结果表明,PM2.5质量浓度春季>夏季>冬季>秋季;SO42-、NO3-和NH4+是PM2.5中最主要的3种水溶性无机离子,年均质量浓度分别为14.82μg/m3、11.57μg/m3和8.35μg/m3,三者浓度之和占PM2.5中总水溶性无机离子浓度的86.28%.SO42-、NH4+浓度占PM2.5浓度百分比均为夏、秋季高于冬、春季; NO3-浓度占PM2.5浓度的百分比为秋季>春季>夏季>冬季.空气中的SO2、NO2和NH3等气态污染物的含量直接影响PM2.5中二次离子SO42-、NO3-和NH4+的浓度, SO2、NO2浓度的季节特征为冬、春季高于夏、秋季,与SO42-、NO3-的季节变化规律相反; NH3浓度在夏季最高,冬季最低. PM2.5酸度在夏、秋季高于冬、春季,且夏、秋季PM2.5样品全部呈酸性,冬、春季PM2.5样品一部分呈酸性,一部分呈碱性.夏季SOR值和NOR值分别为冬季的4.8倍和3倍,表明夏季SO2和NO2更易转化生成SO42-和NO3-.PM2.5中SO42-、NO3-和NH4+主要以(NH4)2SO4、NH4NO3的形式共存于气溶胶体系中.     

湖南省长株潭城市群环境空气质量易超标指标变化规律研究

根据长株潭24个环境空气质量监测国控点数据,分析了CO、SO2、NO2、O3、PM10和PM2.5常规六项污染物不同月份的变化规律,并对首要污染物O3和PM2.5不同时期、不同时段的变化规律以及达标状况进行了分析。研究结果表明:PM2.5和O3浓度的季节性变化大,O3浓度夏季高、冬季低,PM2.5则正好相反;在一天当中,昼间的PM2.5浓度低于夜间;在城市之间,长沙市PM2.5的日均浓度和O3浓度明显高于株洲和湘潭市。上述结论将为制定相应的防治措施提供参考依据。     

合肥紫外线辐射强度与空气质量的关系研究

利用合肥地面紫外辐射及环境空气质量观测资料,分析了晴天状况下9-15时逐时紫外线辐射强度与对应时段的PM10、PM2.5、SO2、NO2、O3、CO这6种污染物浓度及空气质量指数(AQI)之间的关系。结果表明:在PM2.5为首要污染物的情况下,紫外线辐射强度与PM2.5、PM10、AQI存在较好的负相关,与PM2.5的相关系统可达-0.72,而与SO2、NO2、O3、CO的相关性较差;与PM2.5的相关性存在明显的日变化,PM2.5/PM10越大,相关性越好;以PM2.5为首要污染物的重度污染可使紫外辐射衰减32%以上。     

大气例行点位常规监测污染物的相关性分析及防控措施研究

根据济南市历下区5个大气例行监测点位2015年上半年PM2.5、PM10、SO2、CO、NO2、O3逐小时浓度的监测数据,通过SPSS软件对各项污染物的相关性进行分析得出:CO与PM2.5、PM10、SO2、NO2强相关性出现次数最多,表明CO排放源是引起颗粒物污染的主要原因之一.对监测点位周边2 km范围内机动车尾气和餐饮燃煤两项污染源进行排放量估算得出:机动车尾气CO、NOx、PM2.5和PM10年排放量分别为388.18吨、111.18吨、4.35吨和4.72吨;餐饮燃煤CO、SO2、NOx年排放量分别为36.0吨、24.0吨和9.6吨.因此,控制CO排放源对改善济南市大气环境质量至关重要.     

重庆市冬季PM_(2.5)及气态污染物的分布特征与来源

利用重庆市大气污染物监测站2013年冬季(2013年11月—2014年1月)的实测数据,分析PM2.5及相关气态污染物(SO2、NO2、O3)的时空特征,并采用轨迹聚类与PSCF(潜在源贡献因子)分析污染物来源.结果表明:除ρ(O3)以外,其他3种污染物质量浓度的月际变化趋势基本一致,均呈12月升高、1月降低的特征;污染物空间分布不均,其中ρ(PM2.5)和ρ(NO2)在工业区和人口密集区较高,ρ(SO2)南高北低,ρ(O3)城区低于郊区.ρ(SO2)、ρ(NO2)与ρ(PM2.5)均呈显著正相关,其中ρ(SO2)与ρ(PM2.5)的R(相关系数)在城、郊区分别为0.71、0.65,ρ(NO2)与ρ(PM2.5)在城、效区的R分别为0.73、0.56;而ρ(O3)与ρ(PM2.5)未表现出显著相关.ρ(SO2)、ρ(NO2)与ρ(PM2.5)的相关性高低可在一定程度上说明二次气溶胶的污染程度,ρ(O3)与ρ(PM2.5)的相关性受到PM2.5来源和污染程度的影响.轨迹分析结果显示,重庆市2013年冬季主要受东北方向气流影响;聚类分析表明,重庆市11月没有表现出明显的PM2.5外来输送特征,但12月和1月的PM2.5外来输送特征明显,并且不同方向的气流污染物浓度差异也较大.PSCF分析发现,重庆市冬季PM2.5、SO2、NO2、O3主要来源于本地和周围城市局地传输,同时还受南宁、贵阳、遵义、达州等地的影响.     

成都市区夏季大气污染物浓度时空变化特征分析

为了解成都市区大气污染物浓度水平及其变化规律,统计分析了2013年6月1日—8月31日3个市区站点(十里店、梁家巷和草堂寺)SO2、NO2、O3、PM2.5、PM10和CO逐时观测资料.结果表明,观测期间O3污染严重,上述3个站点小时均值超标率分别达22%、37%和42%.大气颗粒物污染也较为严重,上述3个站点PM10日均浓度超标率分别为13%、8%和3%,而PM2.5日均值超标率分别高达34%、27%和26%.NO2和CO早晚的浓度高峰主要与机动车流量增加和混合层高度降低有关.由于紫外辐射影响,O3浓度在正午出现峰值.受机动车流量高峰和气象条件的影响,PM2.5和PM10最大值和最小值分别出现在上午和下午.通过对污染物"周末效应"的分析,发现周末O3、PM2.5和PM10的浓度显著高于工作日,SO2、NO2和CO反之.成都市区大气污染受局地排放和外源输送共同影响,其中PM10和NO2主要受局地源控制,而PM2.5、SO2和O3受外输送影响较大.     

乌鲁木齐大气污染特征及气象条件的影响

乌鲁木齐市一直是世界上污染最严重的城市之一。该文选取2004-2006年乌鲁木齐市3个环境监测站逐时的PM10、SO2、NO2浓度数据以及乌鲁木齐市气象站、米泉气象站同期逐时的13类气象要素进行分析。结果表明,乌鲁木齐市PM10、SO2浓度冬季均达到轻微污染水平,其它3个季节属于优良级别,NO2四季都属优良级别;这三类大气污染物四季日变化基本呈现双峰型结构。冬季PM10、SO2浓度峰值出现在12:00-14:00时,最小值则分别出现在凌晨7:00时、傍晚19:00时,其它季节最大值(最小值)多出现在早晨(傍晚/凌晨);三类污染物的空间分布各有不同,PM10、SO2都是南部城区浓度较大,NO2浓度则是北部城区居首;各类气象要素与SO2浓度的相关性普遍高于与颗粒物PM10的相关性。全年与热力因素有关的气象要素与PM10、SO2浓度的相关性非常突出,冬季则是云量、降水等因素的影响明显提高;受蒙古高压和天山山脉地形的双重影响,乌鲁木齐冬季盛行偏南风和偏北风,山谷风交替现象明显;PM10浓度随乌鲁木齐市气象站、米泉气象站风速的增加均是先下降后上升,风速拐点分别是5 m/s、3 m/s,东南风对于污染物的远距离输送贡献较大;无论市区、还是北部城区,在偏北风和东南风的情形下,市区颗粒物浓度都比较大。     

太原市采暖季PM_(2.5)的污染特征分析

收集了采暖季太原市环境监测中心站公布的PM2.5和其它污染物(PM10、SO2、NO2、CO和O3)逐时监测数据,分析了PM2.5的月、日及小时浓度分布特征和变化规律,结果表明:太原市采暖季PM2.5的小时浓度范围为9~364μg/m3,日浓度范围为19~208μg/m3,PM2.5最大日均值出现在2014年1月份,PM2.5小时浓度日变化规律呈单峰双谷趋势,PM2.5与PM10比值在0.30~0.77之间,二者相关性显著,相关系数为0.925。     

霾天气南京市大气PM_(2.5)中水溶性离子污染特征

为了讨论南京市大气细颗粒物(PM2.5)及水溶性组分在霾天气下的污染水平和污染特征,2007年6月10日至2008年5月29日对南京市大气细粒子PM2.5进行了采样,用PM2.5在线监测浓度、离子色谱法等分别测得PM2.5的质量浓度、水溶性离子组成,初步研究了南京市大气细粒子(PM2.5)及水溶性组分在霾天气下的污染水平和污染特征。结果表明,南京市大气细颗粒物污染严重,霾天气下PM2.5中总水溶性离子质量浓度为54.28μg/m3,为非霾天气的1.6倍。分析的6种离子中SO42-、NO3-、NH4+是PM2.5的主要组成成分。灰霾期间PM2.5与NO3-、SO42-、NH4+的相关性较高,PM2.5中颗粒物的主要存在形式可能为NH4Cl、NH4NO3,(NH)42SO4或NH4HSO4。对比不同季节不同天气下的SOR(SO2转化率)和NOR(NOx转化率),发现霾天气下SO2和NOX转化率高于正常天气,表明SO2、NO2在霾天气更容易转化为二次粒子。     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Evaluation of phytoextracting cadmium and lead by sunflower, ricinus, alfalfa and mustard in hydroponic culture

Soil contaminated with heavy metals cadmium(Cd)and lead(Pb)is hard to be remediated.Phytoremediation may be a feasible method to remove toxic metals from soil,but there are few suitable plants which can hyperaccumulate metals.In this study,Cd and Pb accumulation by four plants including sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.),mustard(Brassica juncea L.),alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.), ricinus(Ricinus communis L.)in hydroponic cultures was compared.Results showed that these plants could phytocxtract heavy metals, the ability of accumulation differed with species,concentrations and categories of heavy metals.Values of BCF(bioconcentration factor)and TF(translocation factor)indicated that four species had dissimilar abilities of phytoextraction and transportation of heavy metals.Changes on the biomass of plants,pH and Eh at different treatments revealed that these four plants had distinct responses to Cd and Pb in cultures.Measurements should be taken to improve the phytoremediation of sites contaminated with heavy metals,such as pH and Eh regulations,and so forth.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.