Cu~(2+)、Zn~(2+)对黑褐新糠虾(Neomysis awatschensis)的毒性作用

通过在基础海水中添加Cu2 、Zn2 ,研究其对黑褐新糠虾(Neomysis awatschensis)的急、慢性毒性影响.包括了Cu2 、Zn2 对黑褐新糠虾在24、48、72和96 h的半致死浓度(LC50),安全浓度(SC)和在生长、成活、繁殖等方面的影响.结果表明:(1)水体中Cu2 对黑褐新糠虾24、48、72和96 h LC50和SC分别是2843、2363、1432、449 μg/L和4.49 μg/L.Zn2 对黑褐新糠虾24、48、72和96 h LC50和SC分别是10588、2331、1459、664 μg/L和6.64 μg/L.Cu2 对黑褐新糠虾的毒性大,黑褐新糠虾对Cu2 比对Zn2 更为敏感.(2)当5 μg/L≤Cu2 ≤80 μg/L、10 μg/L≤Zn2 ≤160 μg/L时,黑褐新糠虾在处于各浓度的Cu2 、Zn2 试液中经过60d的饲养,均显示一定程度的毒性作用,其成活率、体长和体长增长率随Cu2 、Zn2 浓度的不断增加都有不同程度的降低,与对照组相比均差异显著(P﹤0.05).     

重金属对硫酸盐还原菌影响

含重金属硫酸盐废水是我国工业水污染的突出问题,利用硫酸盐还原菌的生物去除重金属的方法具有投资少、成本低、能耗少、去除率高,没有二次污染等优点而成为研究的热点。文章以混合培混养物作为接种污泥,考察不同浓度的重金属离子(Cu2+、Cd2+、Ni2+、Hg2+)对硫酸盐还原菌(Sulfate reducing bacteria,SRB)的抑制作用。研究表明:10 mg/L的Cu2+、Cd2+和20 mg/L的Hg2+对SRB还原硫酸盐的影响较小,硫酸盐最大去除率可分别达到94.1%、94.6%、91.3%,与空白(93.9%)相近;20 mg/L的Cu2+对SRB的抑制最为强烈,硫酸盐最大还原率仅为48.2%,剩余金属离子(Cd2+、Ni2+、Hg2+)都分别随着浓度的增大而对SRB的抑制作用增强;相同浓度的重金属离子对SRB的抑制顺序为Ni2+>Cu2+>Cd2+>Hg2+,抑制浓度分别为10、20、30、60 mg/L。最后阐述了各个反应器中硫酸盐还原率最大时,(WCOD/WSO42-)与硫酸盐还原率的关系。     

矿区湖泊微型浮游生物对重金属的富集研究——以湖北大冶湖和磁湖为例

以湖北大冶湖和磁湖为研究对象,分析了矿区湖泊表层水和微型浮游生物中Cu、Pb、Cd、Zn、Cr、Fe 6种重金属的含量,并对矿区湖泊表层水重金属污染和微型浮游生物对重金属的富集能力进行了评价.结果表明:大冶湖表层水中重金属Cu、Pb、Cd、Zn、Cr和Fe的平均浓度分别为0.009 1 mg/L、0.013 4 mg/L、0.009 2 mg/L、0.043 4 mg/L、0.057 8 mg/L、0.338 2 mg/L,磁湖表层水中重金属Cu、Pb、Cd、Zn、Cr和Fe的平均浓度分别为0.004 3 mg/L、0.012 7 mg/L、0.001 1 mg/L、0.389 2 mg/L、0.063 4 mg/L、0.7110mg/L;大冶湖微型浮游生物中重金属Cu、Pb、Cd、Zn、Cr和Fe的平均浓度分别为278.6 mg/kg干重、695.6 mg/kg干重、23.1 mg/kg干重、578.0mg/kg干重、323.5 mg/kg干重、142 14 mg/kg干重,磁湖微型浮游生物中重金属Cu、Pb、Cd、Zn、Cr和Fe的平均浓度分别为316.1 mg/kg干重、361.4 mg/kg干重、2.06 mg/kg干重、1 004.5 mg/kg干重、313.3 mg/kg干重、18 366 mg/kg干重;大冶湖和磁湖微型浮游生物中的重金属含量远高于表层水中的重金属含量,甚至高于表层沉积物中的重金属含量;矿区湖泊微型浮游生物对重金属的富集系数在1 800～82 600之间,其中微型浮游生物对Cd、Zn、Cr的富集系数较小,对Cu、Pb、Fe的富集系数较大.     

野生食用牛肝菌的重金属富集研究

研究探讨了5种野生牛肝菌(灰褐牛肝菌,双色牛肝菌,全褐牛肝菌,美味牛肝菌,皱盖疣柄牛肝菌)对重金属Cd、Pb、Zn、Cu和Hg的富集特征。结果表明:5种牛肝菌子实体Cd含量为<0.10～19.00 mg/kg,Pb的含量为<0.10～9.34 mg/kg,Zn、Cu和Hg含量为0.000 09～0.1mg/kg。5种牛肝菌子实体中Cd、Pb和Hg含量均超标。与牛肝菌子实体相比,Cd和Pb在牛肝菌非菌根根和菌根根中含量处于中等偏高水平。在牛肝菌子实体中,除Pb外,Cd、Zn、Cu和Hg更易向灰褐牛肝菌子实体的菌盖中迁移。Cd、Pb、Zn、Cu和Hg更易于富集在全褐牛肝菌、美味牛肝菌和皱盖疣柄牛肝菌子实体的菌盖中;Zn和Cu容易富集于双色牛肝菌菌盖,Cd、Pb和Hg更容易富集于双色牛肝菌柄。5种牛肝菌对Cd的富集能力最强,生物富集系数(Bioaccumulation factor,BCF)范围为1.00～79.17。对Pb和Hg的BCF分别在0.010～0.18和0.10～0.38;对Zn和Cu的BCF不足0.001。生长牛肝菌的土壤Cd含量提高,从不足0.1 mg/kg提高到(0.24±0.04)mg/kg,Pb含量从(52±3)mg/kg提高到(53±3)mg/kg,而Zn含量从(94±6)mg/kg降低到(61±5)mg/kg,Cu含量从(26±5.6)mg/kg升高至(40±5.57)mg/kg,对Hg含量影响不大。     

Cd2+、Cu2+和Zn2+对人工湿地反硝化作用的影响

实验室研究了3种重金属离子Cd2+、Cu2+、Zn2+对人工湿地反硝化作用的影响.以100、500、1000mg/kg剂量的Cd2+、Cu2+、Zn2+处理人工湿地土壤样品,检测其N2O的产生.结果表明,3种金属离子的500、1000mg/kg处理组土样N2O的产生均显著降低,各金属离子抑制N2O产生的程度顺序为Cd2+＞Zn2+＞Cu2+,这与3种金属离子在土样中的有效态浓度顺序是一致的,反硝化微生物在处理过程中逐步产生了对重金属离子的耐受性,500、1000mg/kg处理组样品的NH4+-N浓度较对照组显著升高提示部分NO-3-N由于反硝化过程的抑制而异化性还原为NH+4-N.     

卤虫卵壳及粗甲壳素对重金属离子的吸附性

研究了卤虫卵壳及从中提取的粗甲壳素对重金属离子(Cd2+、Cu2+、Zn2+、Pb2+)的吸附性。结果表明:粗甲壳素对重金属离子的吸附性好于脱盐卵壳和活性炭;对200mg/L的Pb2+和Cu2+的吸附率达98.32%和84.91%。     

重金属对2-氯酚厌氧降解的抑制动力学研究

考察了Cu2+、Cd2+、Ni2+、Fe2+4种重金属离子对2-氯酚(2-CP)厌氧降解速率的影响,并通过描述金属离子抑制作用的修正方程对实验进行拟合,研究了其动力学特征.结果表明,在0~500mg/L投加浓度范围内,Fe2+对2-CP的厌氧降解过程基本不抑制,Ni2+、Cu2+、Cd2+则存在明显抑制,抑制程度Cu2+﹥Ni2+﹥Cd2+.相同的抑制强度下,抑制浓度CIP-Cu﹤CIP-Ni﹤CIP-Cd.修正方程能较好地表征金属离子的抑制作用与该离子对降解速率的最大抑制浓度(I*)以及投加浓度之间的定量关系.由该方程拟合结果可得到Cu2+、Cd2+、Ni2+对25mg/L 2-CP降解的I*值分别为458.7,1693.5,1528.5mg/L,I*及指数m值的大小表明金属离子对2-CP厌氧降解的抑制Cu2+﹥Ni2+﹥Cd2+.     

人工湿地植物处理含重金属生活废水的实验研究

通过耐受浓度试验得出凤眼莲、水蕹、水花生和荇菜四种植物对含重金属生活污水中Cd2+的耐受范围值分别<5mg/L、0.5mg/L、0.2mg/L、0.2mg/L;凤眼莲和水花生对Zn2+的耐受范围值分别<10mg/L,水蕹和荇菜对Zn2+耐受范围值为<5mg/L和0.5mg/L。由植物对生活污水中锌\镉离子去除率试验可知,在Cd2+/Zn2+浓度分别为0.5mg/L和5mg/L时,与对照组相比,两种植物均能明显去除污水中的Zn2+与Cd2+,其中Cd2+去除率提高了65.3%,Zn2+去除率提高了43.7%。研究发现植物处理在前5d内为去除Zn2+/Cd2+的高效区间,这一时期内植物对Zn2+/Cd2+去除率的贡献可以达到40%～60%,表明在植物的耐受浓度范围内,湿地植物对生活污水中的Cd2+/Zn2+有较好的去除效果,根部为主要的富集器官。     

菲降解菌ZJF08对几种金属离子耐受浓度的测定

在最适温度和pH条件下考察了4种金属离子Cu2+、Zn2+、Ni2+、Pb2+对假单胞菌ZJF08的生长及降解菲能力的影响,并测定了ZJF08对各种金属离子最大耐受浓度。结果表明,除Zn2+对降解菲具有微弱的促进作用外,Cu2+,Ni2+,Pb2+均具有抑制作用。ZJF08在含Cu2+浓度为1 mg/L的平板上无法生长,ZJF08对Zn2+耐受的浓度为16.8 mg/L,对Ni2+的耐受浓度为9.2 mg/L,对Pb2+的耐受浓度为6.7mg/L。     

铜、锌离子对厌氧氨氧化污泥脱氮效能的影响

通过接种厌氧氨氧化污泥,研究了Cu2+、Zn2+浓度变化对厌氧氨氧化污泥脱氮效能长短期的影响.短期实验结果表明,铜、锌离子对厌氧氨氧化污泥的脱氮效能影响主要分为3个阶段.刺激阶段,Cu2+浓度0~1mg/L和Zn2+浓度0~4mg/L时,随着进水金属离子浓度的增加,微生物活性受到刺激,氮去除速率迅速增加;稳定阶段,Cu2+浓度1~8mg/L时,氮去除速率处于稳定状态.抑制阶段,Cu2+浓度大于8mg/L和Zn2+大于4mg/L时,随着进水金属离子浓度的增加,氮去除速率逐步下降.Cu2+、Zn2+对厌氧氨氧化污泥脱氮效能长期影响表明,当进水Cu2+浓度达到4mg/L和Zn2+达到8mg/L时厌氧氨氧化污泥的活性将受到抑制.降低进水重金属浓度后,厌氧氨氧化污泥活性可以得到恢复.厌氧氨氧化菌对Cu2+的敏感性强于Zn2+.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Evaluation of phytoextracting cadmium and lead by sunflower, ricinus, alfalfa and mustard in hydroponic culture

Soil contaminated with heavy metals cadmium(Cd)and lead(Pb)is hard to be remediated.Phytoremediation may be a feasible method to remove toxic metals from soil,but there are few suitable plants which can hyperaccumulate metals.In this study,Cd and Pb accumulation by four plants including sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.),mustard(Brassica juncea L.),alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.), ricinus(Ricinus communis L.)in hydroponic cultures was compared.Results showed that these plants could phytocxtract heavy metals, the ability of accumulation differed with species,concentrations and categories of heavy metals.Values of BCF(bioconcentration factor)and TF(translocation factor)indicated that four species had dissimilar abilities of phytoextraction and transportation of heavy metals.Changes on the biomass of plants,pH and Eh at different treatments revealed that these four plants had distinct responses to Cd and Pb in cultures.Measurements should be taken to improve the phytoremediation of sites contaminated with heavy metals,such as pH and Eh regulations,and so forth.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.