绥化市污灌对农作物的影响

本文通过对绥化市城市污水状况的调查和对清灌区、污灌区的土壤、水稻中的几种重金属的监测分析,用显著性检验法研究了污灌区铅、锌、铜、镉、镍,铬对农业环境的影响。证明:(1)污灌对土壤是有影响的。(2)污灌区土壤呈弱碱性,可使多种重金属离子在土壤中沉淀,降低作物对重金属的吸收。     

污水灌溉区土壤重金属的空间分布特征

通过对北运河香河段污灌区不同深度土壤重金属Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd含量的监测分析,评价污灌对土壤重金属含量造成的影响。结果表明,土壤中重金属含量和土壤理化性质、土壤深度以及污灌时间、污灌水重金属含量直接相关。     

天津市北京排污河灌区居民头发中重金属特征

以天津市北京排污河污灌区8个乡镇199个居民头发样品和对照区蓟州区6个乡镇93个居民头发样品中重金属的含量为基础,对比分析了北京排污河污灌区当地居民头发中重金属含量特征。研究结果表明,污灌区居民头发中的Cd、Cu、Zn、Pb、Cr、As的平均含量分别为0.21、16.82、197.29、13.69、2.65和0.62 mg/kg,污灌区居民男性头发中重金属含量高于女性,不同性别居民头发中除Pb的含量差异具有显著的统计学意义(P<0.01)外,其他重金属的差异性不显著(P>0.05)。污灌区居民头发中Cd、Cu、Zn和Cr的含量随着年龄的增长而增加,但在发铅含量随年龄的增加而降低。对照区(蓟州区)不同性别和年龄居民中人发的重金属含量显示与污灌区相同的趋势。与对照区(蓟州区)相比,污灌区居民头发中的重金属含量明显偏高,其中Cd高110%、Cu高20%、Zn高55.9%、Pb高36.6%、Cr高64.6%。对照区和污灌区人发中重金属之间的相关性有明显差异,污灌区人发中Cd与Pb、Cr具有显著的正相关关系,而对照区人发中Cd与Pb、Cr之间呈明显的负相关关系,表明污灌区人发中重金属与对照区有不同的来源,污灌区土壤、农作物中重金属的累积可以通过当地居民人发中重金属含量显示出来。     

浅析污灌区重金属污染现状

本文综述了我国污灌区土壤中重金属污染现状,及重金属污染的来源和危害.     

河南某污灌区土壤-作物-人发系统重金属迁移与积累

开展污灌区土壤-作物-人发系统(SCHS)重金属迁移与积累研究,对于维护农田生态系统和人体健康具有重要意义.以河南某污灌区为例,采集土壤和小麦籽粒样品各27份、人发样品355份,用原子吸收法测定Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd含量,用二乙基二硫代氨基甲酸银分光光度法测定As含量,开展重金属在SCHS中的迁移与积累探讨.结果表明,污灌区土壤和小麦籽粒发生了不同程度的重金属污染.土壤Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd和As平均含量分别为40.63、203.47、22.10、1.84、26.87 mg·kg-1,小麦籽粒中上述重金属平均含量分别为10.10、25.83、0.87、0.56、0.35 mg·kg-1,都高于对照区.污灌区人发中上述重金属平均含量分别为14.11、143.13、13.24、0.19、1.97 mg·kg-1,高于对照区,人发多数重金属含量随年龄增长呈增加趋势,男性高于女性.污灌区人发对小麦籽粒重金属的富集系数(BAF人发/小麦)远大于小麦籽粒对土壤重金属的富集系数(BAF小麦/土壤),人发对大多数重金属的放大作用显著.在SCHS中,大多数重金属沿土壤→小麦籽粒→人发的迁移与积累曲线呈不规则"V"形,长期污灌样点的土壤和小麦籽粒重金属污染程度、人发重金属含量都高于"清污"混灌的样点.     

天津市南排污河灌区土壤的重金属容量

天津市南排污河灌区为平均污灌20年的老灌区,污灌面积34.9×10~4亩。在灌区重金属污染现状评价的基础上,为了便于对上游污染源进行总量控制,并为建设合理的土地处理利用系统提供依据,我们采用动态     

开封市化肥河污灌区土壤重金属潜在生态风险评价

以开封市化肥河污灌区为例,采用潜在生态风险指数法对土壤重金属污染进行了生态风险评价。结果表明:单个重金属的潜在生态风险以Cd最为严重,Ecd变化在300～1086之间,各样点均达到极度生态危害水平,其余重金属均为轻度危害,危害程度依次为Cd>Cu>Pb>Zn>Ni。在研究的5种重金属中,镉元素对生态风险的贡献率最高,是构成潜在生态风险的主要因子。污灌区土壤重金属综合生态风险指数为608.51,达到很强生态危害程度。与污灌区相比,对照区3个样点的生态总风险程度相对较轻,但也存在着比较明显的镉风险。     

北京市再生水灌溉对土壤、农作物的重金属污染风险

如何准确、客观表征再生水长期灌溉的重金属污染风险是人们关注的主要问题之一。研究通过调查不同水源灌溉条件下土壤、小麦重金属含量,结合不同输入途径对再生水灌区土壤重金属的贡献,评估再生水灌溉对土壤、农作物的重金属污染风险。结果表明,污灌区、再生水灌区土壤均呈现不同程度的重金属累积,但不同灌区小麦籽粒的重金属含量之间没有差异。北京市再生水重金属浓度远远低于农田灌溉水质标准,再生水灌渠中采集的水样重金属浓度与地下水重金属浓度之间的差异并不显著。通过再生水灌溉途径带入的重金属与地下水灌溉相当,低于大气沉降和有机肥施用等输入途径带入的重金属。当前再生水灌溉导致土壤重金属污染的风险较小,并不会导致农作物重金属超标。再生水灌区土壤重金属污染并不一定是由于再生水灌溉导致,更大程度是早期的污水灌溉或有机肥施用造成的。     

汞铬砷元素污染土壤的酶监测研究

对西安污灌区和杨凌清灌区土样７种酶生进行了测定，结果显示：污灌土样中重金属含量较高；土壤理化性质的差异反映出土壤对酶保护能力和对重金属缓冲容量的大小，因而不同土壤酶对重金属的敏感性随土样理化性质有明显差别；酶活性由于是土样理化性质和重金属共同作用的结果，因而较好地表现了土壤的污染状况；主成分分析表明，总体酶活性值可表征土样的污染状况，采用酶活性构筑的土壤信息系统Ｉ能简便、快速、准确的反映土壤的污染     

太原污灌区土壤重金属和盐分含量的空间变异特征

在面积为2.7万hm^2的太原污灌区布设土壤取样点49个,测定了耕层土壤中重金属Hg、Cd、Pb、盐分、氯离子含量及pH，应用地统计学的方法分析了数据的统计特征值和结构特征，结果表明：铅和盐分服从正态分布，氯离子服从对数正态分布，其它无分布类型，拟合得到Hg、Pb、盐分的半方差函数模型为指数型，镉和氯离子为球型，pH为高斯型，这些测定项目有在一定范围内存在空间相关性性。用Kriging内插法对未测点重金属及盐分进行最优估计，并绘制了等值线图，可更直观地反映出污灌区土壤重金属及盐分的空间变异特征。     

基于地质统计及随机模拟技术的天津武清区土壤重金属源解析

为了解天津市武清区重金属污染状况及污染来源情况,在研究区共采集了578个表层土壤样品并分析了Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Hg、As(类金属)、Ni、Cr等8项重金属含量.综合应用描述性统计、主成分分析、地质统计学及随机森林回归技术对研究区表层土壤重金属含量时空变化特征及人为及自然源污染贡献性进行了探讨.结果表明,除Cr以外,研究区其余重金属平均含量均高于区域背景值,土壤As、Ni、Cr主要来自于自然源即土壤类型的差异性,Cu、Zn的变异性一是受土壤类型差异性的影响,二是受污灌的影响,Pb、Cd的变异主要受面源污染的影响,局部存在点源污染.Hg变异性主要受污灌的影响.实践证明多技术联合应用是土壤重金属来源解析的有效方法.     

再生水灌溉对土壤性质及重金属垂直分布的影响

再生水利用是解决水资源危机的重要手段之一,再生水灌溉对土壤的影响一直是受到关注的问题.以北京市典型再生水灌溉区为研究对象,对选定区域土壤进行剖面取样、样品分析以及灌溉用水中的重金属含量的分析来确定再生水灌溉对于土壤中重金属含量分布的影响,同时分析了对土壤中总碳、总氮、有机质含量以及pH的影响.结果表明,凉水河灌区灌溉用水中重金属含量大于北野厂灌区灌溉用水,是其2.5～10.5倍.再生水灌溉导致土壤有机质、总碳、总氮含量增加及pH值降低.灌溉再生水有利于提高土壤肥力,但是也会提高土壤重金属累积的风险.再生水灌溉作为土壤重金属来源之一会对土壤表层重金属累积和迁移有一定影响,同时土壤重金属的迁移分布受到土壤有机质含量的影响,凉水河灌区有更多的重金属被植物吸收或进入更深土层中.     

污水灌区土壤盐分动态研究

以天津东郊污灌区(慢速渗滤系统)为试验点,总结了土壤盐分的变化规律,并以粮地、菜地、稻地为代表分析了土壤中盐分变化动态,用污灌区土壤盐分动态平衡公式C_K-C_h=C_B-C_O测算,结果表明,只要灌区排水条件好,加上合理的科学灌溉,污灌区土壤盐分变化趋势是脱盐占主导地位,土壤中的钠吸附比(SAR)有所改善,土壤质量有所提高.     

Treated wastewater irrigation effect on soil, crop and environment： Wastewater recycling in the loess area of China

A study was carried out at the Loess Plateau in Dongzhi,China,to test the feasibility of using secondary treatment sewage effluent and to determine whether the water quality would then meet the recommended irrigation norm.Seven crops,including celery,wheat, maize,millet,apples,rapeseed and yellow beans,were tested in the study.Physical and chemical properties of the soil,crop yield and quality and leachate at different soil depths were measured.In most cases,the quality of the crops that made use of treated sewage was not distinctively different from those that did not use treated sewage.However,yields for the former were much higher than they were for the latter.Leachates at different soil depths were analyzed and the results did not show alarming levels of constituents.For a period of approximately 14 months,the treated sewage irrigation had no significant effect on the loess soil and no cases of illness resulting from contact with the treated sewage were reported.With treated sewage irrigation,a slight increase in the organic content of the soil was observed.     

鞍山市城郊污灌区农地污染状况分析与评价

土壤是人类赖以生存的自然资源,它能把大量有机物最终分解为二氧化碳和水,以及各种土壤基肥的其他组成部分,但当施入的废弃物超过土壤的自净力时,就会破坏土壤的正常机能,使之失去自然生态平衡,从而严重影响农作物的产量和品质。文章主要就鞍山市城郊污灌区的农地重金属与农药污染状况作出分析与评价,并利用趋势面分析的方法得出污染的源地,以期为鞍山市污灌区的环境整治工作提供借鉴。     

Long-term impact of municipal sewage irrigation on treated soil and black locust trees in a semi-arid suburban area of Iran

The effects of municipal sewage irrigation on the soil and black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) tree were studied. For this purpose, two artificial black locust stands under irrigation of municipal sewage and well water were selected in south of Tehran, Iran. Data were collected using technique of systematic random sampling with 4 replicates in each stand. It was found that the growth of black locust tree, as indicated by diameter at breast height, total height, crown length, average crown diameter, basal area and volume, in sewage irrigation stand was much higher than that of well water irrigation stand (P < 0.01). Plant analysis indicated that concentrations of leaf nutrients (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn) were greater in sewage-irrigated trees, without toxicity to the minerals of tree leaf, than those of well waterirrigated trees, and positively correlated with their respective value in soil. Ni, Cr and Pb were not detected in leaf samples. Application of sewage resulted in a 1.5-fold increase in the concentrations of soil nutrients, Ni, Cr and Pb. Among these minerals only Pb and Ni in some soil samples exceeded the toxicity limit. The increase in pH, electrical conductivity (EC) and organic carbon of soil was also observed in sewage irrigation. Results confirm that besides the use as irrigation water, municipal sewages are also a potential source of plant nutrients. However, significant accumulation of heavy metals such as Pb and Ni in soil needs to be monitored.     

土壤环境重金属污染风险的综合评价模型

综合考虑了土壤环境中重金属的总量富集污染及各重金属在土壤中不同赋存形态的生物有效性差异,将风险评估指数(RAC)嵌入地累积指数模型,建立了土壤环境重金属污染风险的综合评价模型。应用所建模型评价某典型污灌区土壤中各重金属污染的风险程度,通过分析评价结果以及和同类模型评价结果的对比,所建模型更全面、真实地表征了该区域土壤重金属污染的风险水平,为我国土壤资源管理和优先控制因子的选取提供了新思路。     

污灌条件下非离子表面活性剂对土壤中有机农药迁移的影响研究

采用振荡平衡法和淋洗法,研究了污灌条件下非离子表面活性剂Tween－80在表层土壤和深层土壤上的吸附行为及其对有机农药甲萘威迁移的影响。结果表明：在振荡平衡条件下,低Tween－80浓度的污水灌溉会促进甲萘威在表层土壤中的吸附,而高Tween－80浓度的污水灌溉会抑制甲萘威在深层土壤中的吸附;在淋洗条件下,Tween－80在深层土壤中表现出较强的吸附能力。     

Temporal-spatial distribution and variability of cadmium contamination in soils in Shenyang Zhangshi irrigation area, China

Heavy metal contamination in soils has been of wide concern in China in the last several decades. The heavy metal contamination was caused by sewage irrigation, mining and inappropriate utilization of various agrochemicals and pesticides and so on. The Shenyang Zhangshi irrigation area （SZIA） in China is a representative area of heavy metal contamination of soils resulting from sewage irrigation for about 30 years duration. This study investigated the spatial distribution and temporal variation of soil cadmium contamination in the SZIA. The soil samples were collected from the SZIA in 1990 and 2004; Cd of soils was analyzed and then the spatial distribution and temporal variation of Cd in soils was modelled using kriging methods. The kriging map showed that long-term sewage irrigation had caused serious Cd contamination in topsoil and subsoil. In 2004, the Cd mean concentrations were 1.698 and 0.741 mg/kg, and the maxima 10.150 and 7.567 mg/kg in topsoils （0-20 cm） and subsoils （20-40 cm） respectively. These values are markedly more than the Cd levels in the second grade soil standard in China. In 1990, the Cd means were 1.023 and 0.331 mg/kg, and the maxima 9.400 and 3.156 mg/kg, in topsoils and subsoils respectively. The soil area in 1990 with Cd more than 1.5 mg/kg was 2701 and 206.4 hnl2 in topsoils and subsoils respectively; and in 2004, it was 7592 and 1583 hm^2, respectively. Compared with that in 1990, the mean and maximum concentration of Cd, as well as the soil area with Cd more than 1.5 mg/kg had all increased in 2004, both in topsoils and subsoils.