城市光化学污染自动监测技术综述

综述城市光化学污染的危害以及对其监测的必要性,介绍欧美国家和我国光化学污染监测的发展历程,并根据目前自动监测发展水平探讨光化学污染监测较为前沿的技术和手段,提出组建区域监测网络的建议。     

光化学烟雾模拟实验系统

为开展光化学污染成因的敏感性分析,设计和建立了目前国内唯一的大型光化学烟雾模拟实验系统．该系统主要包括烟雾箱系统、空气充填置换系统、采样测试系统和记录显示控制系统等4个分系统．与国内外同类型实验系统相比,该系统具有烟雾箱在实验过程中受光均匀、换气系统快捷、效率高以及可实现两箱对比实验等特色．利用实验系统开展了光化学污染过程的模拟实验,得到了典型的污染特征．进行了同等条件的两箱对比实验,实验结果完全一致,表明该实验系统能够开展基于对比实验的敏感性分析研究,从而为进一步针对北京实际开展光化学污染的模拟研究奠定了良好的基础．     

光化烟雾研究及监测要点

对光化烟雾及其形成机理进行了综述,介绍了欧美国家和我国对光化烟雾监测的发展历程,阐述了对光化烟雾进行研究的方法和要点,并根据目前自动监测发展水平探讨了光化学烟雾监测参数及作用,提出了加强光化烟雾研究和监测的具体建议。     

光化烟雾研究及监测要点

对光化烟雾及其形成机理进行了综述,介绍了欧美国家和我国对光化烟雾监测的发展历程,阐述了对光化烟雾进行研究的方法和要点,并根据目前自动监测发展水平探讨了光化学烟雾监测参数及作用,提出了加强光化烟雾研究和监测的具体建议。     

大气模拟烟雾箱系统的研究进展

烟雾箱是研究大气光化学反应的主要工具.30年来国内外有多个研究机构建立了烟雾箱,并对各种光化学反应进行了研究,以收集数据来发展和检验大气光化学反应机理.从系统构造、配置仪器及所进行的光化学实验几个方面,综述了国内外烟雾箱系统的研究进展,其中背景影响较小的烟雾箱能为评价化学反应机理提供精度较高的数据,二次有机气溶胶(secondary organic aerosol,SOA)的形成机理成为目前的研究热点.     

城市光化学污染机理与规律研究进展

有关大气光化学机理和规律的研究是进行光化学模拟和对城市大气光化学污染进行综合控制的基础。主要从污染源、化学反应机理、输送扩散和沉降等方面综述了近年来国外有着光化学污染机理和规律的研究。着重从Ｏ３生成潜势出发,分析了对流层中Ｏ３与其前体物之间的指出应当在竣 监测基础上,建立适合我国城市的光化学机理,以利于Ｏ３控制对策的制定。     

我国重点区域环境大气VOCs监测体系现状及发展方向

科学开展大气挥发性有机物(VOCs)的监测是臭氧(O₃)与细颗粒物(PM_2.5)复合污染成因机制和防控的关键基础,对持续改善我国空气质量具有重要意义. 为优化提升我国VOCs监测体系和效能,提出未来光化学监测发展方向和路径,通过调研、数据挖掘总结评估了国内外VOCs监测体系设计、监测布点、监测项目和时段、监测技术和质控技术等监测要素,结果表明:①我国初步建成了覆盖重点区域的光化学监测网,但监测点位功能相对单一,缺乏区域、输送、排放高值区等关键点位,其优化和完善是提升我国VOCs监测效能的重要途径. ②5—9月是我国O₃污染的重要时段,影响O₃的重要组分则主要为美国环境保护局(US EPA)光化学评估监测站(Photochemical Assessment Monitoring Stations, PAMS)所涉及的组分以及醛酮类组分,其中乙烯、苯系物、甲醛、乙醛等尤为关键,并应关注部分支链烯烃和α-蒎烯、β-蒎烯等天然源烯烃对O₃或颗粒物的影响,最终需结合本地化特点优化监测项目. ③我国VOCs监测技术体系中手工监测和自动监测各具优势,未来发展趋势以自动监测为主、手工监测为辅,监测技术体系应向高精准度化、标准化、小型化、模块化、智能化,以及高时间分辨率和低成本等方向发展;同时持续进行质量体系标准研究,补足空白,提升监测数据质量. 研究显示,我国环境大气VOCs监测应优化监测布点,加强监测技术体系和质量体系标准化,并聚焦重点时段形成我国本地化监测项目,从而科学地优化和完善我国光化学监测体系.      

城市环境空气污染预报研究进展

主要介绍了城市环境空气污染预报的方法,综述了城市环境空气污染预报的国内外研究现状,主要介绍了美国第三代Momdel-3 CMAQ模式系统和中国科学院大气所的嵌套网格空气质量预报系统(NAQPMS),以及最新的多模式污染预报技术,本文最后指出中国目前的大气环境形势比较严峻,城市环境空气污染预报模式还存在一些问题,并探讨了今后的发展方向。     

环境生物技术的应用研究

环境生物技术主要由生物技术、工程学、环境学和生态学组成.在此,介绍了环境生物技术在生物监测、重金属污染研究、生物修复技术、废水处理、有害气体处理以及清洁技术方面的应用,研究现状.     

电子垃圾拆解地多溴联苯醚污染土壤修复技术研究进展

电子垃圾在堆放过程中大量多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)释放到土壤中,对动植物生长、农产品安全和人体健康构成严重威胁。介绍了电子垃圾拆解地附近土壤中PBDEs的污染现状,结合国内外研究进展,综述了土壤中PBDEs的吸附/解吸行为,以及PBDEs污染土壤的光化学修复、微生物修复和植物修复等修复技术,并对PBDEs污染土壤修复技术研究的未来发展方向进行了展望。     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.     

Simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate by zeolite synthesized from coal fly ash as influenced by acid treatment

Zeolite synthesized from fly ash （ZFA） without modification is not efficient for the purification of NH4＋ and phosphate at low concentrations that occur in real effluents, despite the high potential removal capacity. To develop an effective technique to enhance the removal efficiency of ammonium and phosphate at low concentrations, ZFA was modified with acid treatment and the simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate in a wide range of concentration was investigated. It was seen that when compared with untreated ZFA, only the treatment by 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4 significantly improved the removal efficiency of ammonium at low initial concentrations. The behavior was well explained by the pH effect. Treatment by more concentrated H2SO4 led to the deterioration of the ZFA structure and a decrease in the cation exchange capacity. Treatment by 0.01 mol/L H2SO4 improved the removal efficiency of phosphate by ZFA at all initial P concentrations, while the treatment by concentrated H2SO4 （≥0.9 mol/L） resulted in a limited maximum phosphate immobilization capacity （PIC）. It was concluded that through a previous mild acid treatment （e.g. 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4）, ZFA can be used in the simultaneous removal of NH4＋ and P at low concentrations simulating real effluent.