我国土壤受试植物筛选与毒性预测

生态毒性数据缺乏是我国土壤基准与生态风险评估研究中一直存在的问题,开展本土受试植物的筛选可提供更多的生态毒理试验选材,从而获得不同物种的生态毒性数据.鉴于植物对土壤污染物的敏感性,从被子植物中依据分布范围、代表性和易于获得性等原则,对我国潜在的受试植物进行筛选,结果发现,13科53种被子植物分布广泛且易于获取,可作为本土受试植物;结合生态毒性数据的搜集与分析,其中12种受试植物的生态毒性数据相对丰富,并对部分典型污染物表现高敏感.此外在受试植物生态毒性预测模型研究方面,对12种受试植物两两进行建模预测,共得到132个物种种间关系估算模型(Interspecies Correlation Estimation,ICE),其中88个为显著性模型(F检验P<0.05);此处,回归分析了已构建ICE模型的评价参数,得出预测效果较好的ICE模型应满足交叉验证成功率≥ 80.00%、MSE ≤ 0.62、R² ≥ 0.76和分类学距离≤ 4的标准.最终筛选出25个符合上述标准的ICE模型,涉及禾本科-禾本科、十字花科-十字花科的相互预测,其中当燕麦Avena sativa、芜青Brassica rapa、普通小麦Triticum aestivum、玉蜀黍Zea mays和黑麦草Lolium perenne等作为替代物种时,预测物种的实际生态毒性值与预测值较为接近.受试植物的筛选与生态毒性预测模型的建立有助于生态毒性数据的产生,并为土壤污染管理和生态风险评估提供科学依据.     

甘南高寒草甸植物群落物种多度分布特征

为分析甘南高寒草甸植物群落物种多度分布格局对海拔梯度的响应,探讨物种多样性的形成规律及维持机制,采用典型样地调查法采集数据信息,并通过RAD软件程序包对实验数据进行拟合分析.结果表明：植物群落物种多样性随海拔的升高呈现先增加后降低的“中间膨胀”模式,海拔3500m处群落物种多样性达到最大.利用5个模型对海拔梯度上全部物种多度分布进行拟合发现,甘南高寒草甸植物群落物种多度分布符合生态位模型,尤其是geo模型,利用该模型可以很好地拟合群落物种多度分布格局,同时也说明生态位分化对高寒草甸植物群落物种多度分布起主要作用.常见种多度分布的最优拟合模型为geo模型,其与全部物种的最优拟合模型一致;而稀有种多度分布的最优拟合模型为rane模型,说明常见种是影响不同海拔梯度群落物种多度分布格局的主要原因,其对群落生产力和稳定性的维持有不可替代的作用,但稀有种因其独特的功能性状也在一定程度上影响着群落结构,二者以各自不同的方式共同维系着高寒草甸的物种多样性.     

基于HABITAT模型的生物栖息地评价——以泸沽湖宁蒗裂腹鱼为例

裂腹鱼是中国西南部泸沽湖中特有的珍稀鱼类,模拟和研究裂腹鱼的栖息地环境对保护这种珍稀鱼类有着非常重要的意义。由于泸沽湖特殊的地理位置和旅游价值,其水质正遭受周边村落生活污水的持续污染,裂腹鱼的生存环境遭受严重的破坏。本文以宁蒗裂腹鱼为指示物种,结合水质模型预测的水质数据,利用基于HABITAT模型的生物栖息地评价方法,建立反映泸沽湖水质变化对泸沽湖宁蒗裂腹鱼生态栖息地环境影响程度的评价模型,研究结果和分析表明,当泸沽湖中水污染物浓度未超过裂腹鱼生存阈值时,裂腹鱼能够获得更多的营养物质,适宜的栖息地面积增大;当污染物浓度超过生存阈值时,将造成裂腹鱼中毒,甚至致死,不适宜的栖息地面积增加。     

几种典型模型在物种敏感度分布中的应用和差异分析

模型的选择是物种敏感度分布拟合的关键。研究系统地介绍了物种敏感度分布法中常用的5种分布模型,即正态分布、对数正态分布、逻辑斯谛分布、对数逻辑斯谛分布和伯尔三参数分布的内涵、特点与适用性。分析了模型之间的差异性。研究不仅提出了物种敏感度分布拟合中模型筛选与拟合优度检验的方法,并且使用5种模型分别拟合出镉的物种敏感分布曲线,进一步讨论了模型之间的差异与选择依据。最后,提出了物种敏感度分布拟合中模型选择的一些建议。研究结果可为物种敏感度分布法的应用与水质基准的推导提供理论参考。     

我国淡水生物菲水质基准研究

菲是一种国内外水体中普遍检出的优控多环芳烃,会对水生生物产生有害影响.然而,由于本土物种生态毒理学数据匮乏等问题,关于菲的基准阈值研究鲜有报道.本研究以9种本土水生生物为研究对象,进行了9种水生生物的急性生态毒理学实验及3种慢性生态毒理学实验并推导了菲的基准阈值.此外,基于物种敏感性分布法(species sensitivity distribution,SSD)对本地和非本地物种之间的差异进行了比较,以期探究美国水生生物毒性数据在我国本土基准阈值推导过程中的可行性.结果显示,采用US EPA"指南"推荐的方法对菲本土水生生物急性基准阈值(CMC)和慢性基准阈值(CCC)进行了推导,分别为0.033 mg·L~(-1)和0.012 mg·L~(-1);另外,本土与美国物种敏感性分布不存在显著性差异,这表明存在使用美国水生生物毒性数据来推导我国菲水生生物基准阈值的可能性.     

中国湖泊湿地的功能及主要环境问题

较系统地讨论了湿地的概念,介绍了中国湖泊湿地的分布、功能及其面临的主要环境问题.湖泊湿地属于生态交错带,主要功能有调蓄水量;控制沉积和护岸;改善水质;调节局部气候;是多种生物重要的栖息地.湖泊湿地面临的主要环境问题是湿地大量消失;污染日趋严重;肓目引进外来物种导致生态失衡.     

物种敏感性分布法在土壤中铜生态阈值建立中的应用研究

利用不同累计概率分布函数拟合了基于中国土壤的21个物种的铜毒理学数据,建立了不同土壤条件下的铜物种敏感性分布曲线.结果表明物种敏感性分布方程Burr Ⅲ在X轴(浓度)方向及y轴的较小累计概率范围内拟合优度较佳.在构建土壤中铜物种敏感性分布曲线时,利用铜生物毒害模型归一化处理能体现土壤性质对铜毒害的影响,相比于未归一化(不考虑土壤性质差异的影响)的结果更具科学性.结合铜的生物毒害模型利用Burr Ⅲ构建了中国土壤4种典型情景中的物种敏感性分布曲线,并基于此推导出了不同土壤情景下的铜5％毒害浓度(HC5),其在酸性土壤、中性土壤(包括水稻土)、碱性非石灰性土壤和石灰性土壤中的值分别为13.1、29.9、51.9和26.3 mg·kg-1(以土壤中外源铜为单位).此结果不仅表明了不同土壤条件下的不同物种对铜毒害的敏感性分布规律,还为建立对应土壤性质的铜生态阈值提供了可靠的科学基础.     

保护淡水水生生物硝基苯水质基准研究

以硝基苯为研究对象,在分析美国和中国2种类型水生态系统和生物区系特征的基础上,分别筛选两国水生生物物种的毒性数据,运用物种敏感度分布曲线法、毒性百分数排序法和评价因子法分别推导了2个国家保护淡水水生生物水质基准;同时,结合国内外主要水体ρ(硝基苯)分布特征,对地表水体中硝基苯生态风险进行了初步评价.结果表明:由于生物区系不同,同样方法得到的美国水质基准值明显高于中国水质基准值,其中物种敏感度分布曲线法得出的基准值最为合理.用物种敏感度分布曲线法得到中国硝基苯急性基准值为0.572mg/L,慢性基准值为0.114mg/L;美国硝基苯急性基准值为7.271mg/L,慢性基准值为2.031mg/L.风险表征结果显示,中国主要地表水体中硝基苯不存在潜在的生态风险.      

上海南汇东滩鸟类栖息地营造工程的生境评价

为应对长江口日益严峻的滨海湿地和鸟类栖息地丧失问题,上海南汇东滩鸟类栖息地营造工程采取地形构建与水位调控技术,营造了适宜鸟类栖息觅食的生态修复示范区。本项研究自2009年8月至2010年6月,跟踪监测了生态修复示范区内的植被生长参数(株高、密度、叶面积指数、地上生物量)、水体质量参数(氮磷营养盐和叶绿素a含量)以及土壤环境参数(电导率、pH值和重金属含量),分析和评价了该工程实施后的生态修复效果。结果表明,生态修复措施有效促进了本地物种芦苇群落的生长,一定程度上明显改善了示范区内的水体质量,维持了土壤重金属的低污染状态,有利于鸟类生物多样性的提高。说明南汇东滩鸟类栖息地营造工程取得了初步成效,呈现出较好的湿地修复效果。同时,应采取刈割与水位调节技术抑制外来物种互花米草,控制生态养殖规模,进一步改善鸟类栖息地生境质量。     

基于人工替代栖息地的长江口湿地系统规划

人工替代栖息地是一种用于滨海河口区重建丧失的滩涂等栖息地的替代方法。按照长江口自然栖息地的分布特点以及不同栖息地的服务功能,基于人工替代栖息的生态修复和保护可以分为"两圈两带"。"两圈"是指崇明-长兴-横沙"三岛联动"保护圈,以及九段沙新生栖息地为核心的保护圈;"两带"分为城市生态安全带和城市生态调控带。长江口栖息地保护建设规划涉及具有特殊科学研究价值的栖息地和水源地、退化栖息地的生态修复和重建、景观水系整治等多个环节的建设内容,它们与人工替代栖息地的构建相辅相成。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

ＲｅｍｏｖａｌｏｆｈｅａｖｙｍｅｔａｌｓｆｒｏｍｓｅｗａｇｅｓｌｕｄｇｅｂｙｌｏｗｃｏｓｔｉｎｇｃｈｅｍｉｃａｌｍｅｔｈｏｄａｎｄｒｅｃｙｃｌｉｎｇｉｎａｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒｅＷｕＱｉｔａｎｇ，ＮｙｉｒａｎｄｅｇｅＰａｓｃａｓｉｅ，ＭｏＣｅｈｕｉＦ...     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.