测定微量汞的问题

一、样品保存稀汞的蒸馏水溶液及天然水中之汞,储存时可迅速损失。储于密闭的容器中,溪水开始浓度为50ppb,15分钟损失达80％。汞损失的速度与量,随汞浓度、溶液组成及储存容器的类型而定。如其它金属离子一样,Hg~(2+)可被容器壁吸附而损失。水样中的汞可为悬浮粒子与聚乙烯容器吸附。有用10种不同材料的容器贮存20ppm及20ppb汞的2MHNO_3溶液,51天后对汞有不同程度的吸附,认为派立克司、聚碳酸酯及聚四氟塑料是合适的容器。汞溶液如不加硝酸调pH为0.5,可明显地被聚乙烯吸附。如不加硝酸保存,则80％聚集于颗粒物质,部分被容器吸附,仅10％留于溶液中。有用羊毛吸附汞,再以含有氯化钠的盐酸解吸,藉以保存水样。     

固定污染源非甲烷总烃测定中气袋影响研究

使用挥发性有机物标准气体对气相色谱法测定固定污染源中非甲烷总烃采样使用的气袋和阀体材质、进样前加热温度、样品保存时间等方面进行了研究,同时选择石化储运、涂料生产、工业涂装、包装印刷等4类典型行业进行了实际样品的验证。结果表明:FEP-进口和PVDF-进口气袋空白值最低;各类气袋样品加热至80℃的偏差均大于60℃,建议加热温度控制在60℃;对于成分复杂的样品,建议保存时间应在8 h以内。     

阳极溶出法研究容器壁表面对铅和镉的吸附特性

研究水的污染化学和野外采样或实验室分析工作中配制溶液和存放样品都涉及到在容器中贮存的问题,在贮存过程器壁对溶液中重金属离子有吸附作用.但环境中不少金属的测定值为ppb或亚ppb级,因此器壁对金属的吸附作用就不可忽视,否则会引起实     

铝箔复合膜气袋对二氧化硫吸附试验

通过铝箔复合膜气袋对二氧化硫在不同浓度、不同时间只附情况的实验，得出了不能用该气袋采集气体样品做二氧化硫测定的结论。     

不同植物废物对垃圾堆肥过程VSCs释放的影响

选取黄豆杆、红薯藤、菠萝蜜果核和紫檀树叶4种植物废物,分别与生活垃圾混合进行堆肥处理,考察堆肥过程中甲硫醇、甲硫醚、二甲基二硫醚3种含硫类可挥发性有机物(VSCs)释放量与植物废物性质之间的关系.结果表明,各工况下,3种VSCs释放均集中在堆肥初期(前6d),甲硫醇均为主要的恶臭贡献者.不同工况的3种VSCs释放浓度差异显著.其中,以红薯藤为堆肥配料的工况下3种VSCs累积释放浓度均最高,以黄豆杆和紫檀树叶分别为堆肥配料的工况相对较低,累积释放浓度仅为前者的16.0%~74.3%,并低于生活垃圾单独堆肥. VSCs释放水平与混合原料的易降解有机物含量呈正比,与其植物多酚的含量呈反比.     

淡水亚硝酸盐样品最佳保存条件的探讨

亚硝酸盐(NO_2~-)是自然界中生物地球化学氮循环重要关键物质,但不易保存。文章讨论了不同pH条件下对NO_2~-浓度测定的影响和不同储存条件下NO_2~-浓度的变化,并确定最佳保存条件。结果表明,当水样品调节pH>10,NO_2~-测定浓度偏低;而pH为自然或酸性时,对NO_2~-浓度测定几乎没有影响;HgCl_2的加入对测定结果不产生影响。但在长期保存时,pH为酸性时(pH=2),随保存时间增加,NO_2~-浓度快速下降。因此碱性条件下不适合测定,而酸性条件下不适合保存,并且建议野外采完样品后立即加入HgCl_2保存NO_2~-,并于60d内测定NO_2~-浓度。     

土壤样品保存过程中无机砷的形态变化及其样品保存方法

为选择合理的土壤样品保存方法,研究了不同保存条件下土壤样品及其水提取液中无机砷形态的动态变化．研究结果表明,采用常温方法保存土壤样品,其水溶态无机砷的总浓度变化不大,但水溶态As(Ⅲ)容易转化为As(Ⅴ);在风干条件下,随着保存时间的延长,样品中水溶态无机砷的总浓度和As(Ⅲ)浓度均会降低,As(Ⅲ)／As(Ⅴ)的比值呈增加趋势;在避光冷藏条件下,土壤样品中水溶态无机砷的总浓度、As(Ⅲ)和As(Ⅴ)浓度均基本保持不变．在避光冷藏、常温和冷冻条件下保存土壤水提取溶液,样品中无机砷的总浓度变化均不明显,但As(Ⅲ)浓度均呈下降趋势;避光冷藏条件下,As(Ⅲ)浓度在保存12d后缓慢下降,到第28天降低了9．0％;常温和冷冻条件下,As(Ⅲ)容易转化为As(Ⅴ)．因此,对于土壤中无机砷的形态测定而言,应采集新鲜土壤样品并在避光冷藏条件下保存．     

污染源非甲烷总烃CEMS参比方法温度问题讨论

从气袋的选择、气袋与温度、峰形与温度、样品气与柱箱温度几个方面探讨污染源非甲烷总烃CEMS参比方法温度问题。阐述了目前市场上流通的气袋材质不适宜加热;峰形与样品气成分及温度的联系;以及样品气分析时最佳柱箱温度条件。     

飞灰螯合剂中挥发性污染物的释放

采集了4个市售飞灰螯合剂样品，分析其在20，40℃下挥发性污染物的释放规律.结果表明，释放的挥发性污染物主要有甲醛、乙醛、苯、异戊醛/异丙醇、甲硫醇、乙硫醇等；其中3个螯合剂样品甲醛的释放浓度在20℃为748~1325 μg/L-螯合剂，占释放的易挥发污染物的68%~96%（质量比），在40℃为4282~6822 μg/L-螯合剂，占释放的易挥发污染物的87%~95%（质量比）.随着温度升高，释放的挥发性污染物种类变多，部分污染物浓度增加，40℃时，4个螯合剂样品释放的易挥发污染物浓度比20℃时增加了142%~444%.元素分析、拉曼光谱和热重分析结果表明，4个螯合剂的主要有效成分相似，为二硫代氨基甲酸盐类物质.因此，推测这种飞灰螯合剂在稀释和飞灰稳定化过程中，对工作人员的健康可能有潜在的危害风险，应收集释放的气体并进行处理；且在飞灰填埋过程中，可能会导致渗滤液中NH₄⁺-N等物质的浓度升高，增加渗滤液的处理难度.     

海底多金属硫化物矿床中的金

东太平洋海底扩张中心7个多金属硫化物矿床中的48个热液沉淀物样品的化学全分析表明,金的富集具有明显不同的模式。发现两个硫化物矿床样品中含金量高,即轴向海山和勘探者海岭南部。采自轴向海山矿床顶部的一个重达160kg的样品由二氧化硅、重晶石和闪锌矿组成。该样含金达6700ppb,平均为4900ppb。勘探者海岭南部的样品含金达1500ppb,平均660ppb。对这两个地区所采多种样品进行的详细矿物学研究及化学全分析表明,金的沉淀受元素伴生和共生次序的控制。浓度约为200ppb的金与高含量的铜(>1wt％)和钼(达470ppm)伴生;浓度高于800ppb的金与高含量锌(>10wt％)、钡(>3wt％)和二氧化硅(>20wt％)伴生;浓度高于1200ppb的金则与高含量的铅(>0.1wt％)、银(>100ppm)、砷(>300ppm)和锑(50—100ppm)伴生。两地所采的含金量最高的样品,均在非晶质二氧化硅基质中含有晚期泉华状低温铅、砷、锑、银和硫的硫盐。这些硫盐可能是金的贮集场所。 采于其他玄武岩型海底矿床(北纬21度地区、加拉帕戈斯裂谷、胡安德富卡海岭南部因代沃海岭)的贫金样品(<200ppbAu),与轴向海山和勘探者海岭南部样品相比,从发表的数据看,其金属和硫的含量高,但SiO_2含量低。瓜伊马斯盆地热液矿床下伏的沉积物,较洋中脊玄武岩富Au,但这些矿床中所采的样     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.     

Simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate by zeolite synthesized from coal fly ash as influenced by acid treatment

Zeolite synthesized from fly ash （ZFA） without modification is not efficient for the purification of NH4＋ and phosphate at low concentrations that occur in real effluents, despite the high potential removal capacity. To develop an effective technique to enhance the removal efficiency of ammonium and phosphate at low concentrations, ZFA was modified with acid treatment and the simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate in a wide range of concentration was investigated. It was seen that when compared with untreated ZFA, only the treatment by 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4 significantly improved the removal efficiency of ammonium at low initial concentrations. The behavior was well explained by the pH effect. Treatment by more concentrated H2SO4 led to the deterioration of the ZFA structure and a decrease in the cation exchange capacity. Treatment by 0.01 mol/L H2SO4 improved the removal efficiency of phosphate by ZFA at all initial P concentrations, while the treatment by concentrated H2SO4 （≥0.9 mol/L） resulted in a limited maximum phosphate immobilization capacity （PIC）. It was concluded that through a previous mild acid treatment （e.g. 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4）, ZFA can be used in the simultaneous removal of NH4＋ and P at low concentrations simulating real effluent.