固定源废气VOCs排放在线监测技术现状与需求研究

结合我国"十二五"大气挥发性有机物(VOCs)污染防治要求和当前国内外相关监测管理现状,研究分析了适合我国固定污染源废气VOCs排放在线监测的仪器系统结构和技术特点,进而从系统采样预处理技术和分析测量技术两方面,提出了符合我国固定污染源废气VOCs排放在线监测技术特点的发展需求.     

关中地区陶瓷行业VOCs排放系数测试与校正研究

挥发性有机物是大气污染物监测的新指标,污染物排放系数的确定是污染源清单编制的基础和重点。结合陕西省关中地区陶瓷行业特点,分建筑陶瓷、工艺陶瓷和建筑砖瓦三种类型对VOCs排放系数进行测试分析。结果表明,以非甲烷总烃计算,关中地区陶瓷行业三种类型VOCs排放系数为0. 009 2~0. 056 g/kg产品,远低于国家发布的挥发性有机物各类源排放系数中建筑陶瓷的排放系数。建议国家相关部门在挥发性有机物排放核算中结合实际情况,校正陕西省关中地区陶瓷行业VOCs排放系数为0. 01~0. 06 g/kg产品。     

我国大气中挥发性有机物监测与控制现状分析

梳理了我国现有的挥发性有机物(VOCs)监测与控制相关的政策标准,介绍了环境空气中VOCs和污染源VOCs排放的监测情况,指出我国亟需全面开展环境空气中的VOCs的例行监测,各地需根据实际情况确定涉VOCs的重点监控企业名录并尽快开展污染源监督性监测,同时应尽快建立VOCs监测方法标准体系。     

有机溶剂使用行业VOCs排放控制标准体系的构建

"十二五"期间我国将在重点区域和重点行业对挥发性有机物(VOCs)进行控制,因此迫切需要建立VOC8排放控制相关标准体系.有机溶剂使用是VOCs排放的主要污染源之一,通过对有机溶剂使用典型行业VOCs排放特征的研究,提出了我国有机溶剂使用行业VOCs排放控制标准体系框架.该体系结构上包括通用型标准、工艺型标准和行业型标...     

我国挥发性有机物定义和控制指标的探讨

挥发性有机物(VOCs)种类繁多,对人体健康和生态环境危害大,是最为复杂的一类污染物.世界各国对其定义以及控制指标有所区别,我国的国家标准和地方标准对其也没有统一的定义,控制指标和对应的监测方法也各有不同.通过对国内外现行VOCs定义和控制指标的深入分析,提出VOCs的定义应根据"空气质量管理"与"污染源排放管理"关注问题的不同而有所区别;从生产源头、工艺过程、末端排放、总量控制等不同控制途径,建立的VOCs控制指标体系由10项指标构成;在制订行业VOCs排放标准时,应根据行业生产工艺特点、VOCs排放方式、可能采取的控制措施等,从中选择最有效的控制方式和指标(或指标组合).     

挥发性有机污染物排放控制标准体系的建立与完善

以大气灰霾为代表的区域复合污染问题,导致挥发性有机物(VOCs)成为重点控制的污染物之一.通过对国家和地方挥发性有机污染物排放标准现状分析,依据排放特征以及我国挥发性有机物排放清单,建立和完善挥发性有机物排放控制标准体系.     

对“十三五”时期挥发性有机物污染防治路径的系统思考

提出以大气环境质量改善为核心的"十三五"挥发性有机物(VOCs)污染防治思路,即全面推进复合型大气污染严重地区的VOCs排放控制,重点抓好臭氧生成潜势与二次有机气溶胶生成潜势大的活性VOCs物质及其排放重点行业的管控;基于细颗粒物(PM_(2.5))与臭氧协同控制要求,实施VOCs与氮氧化物(NO_x)协同减排;强化VOCs新增排放量控制,强化固定污染源排污许可管理。针对工业源、交通源、生活源和农业源,提出差异化的VOCs污染防治途径和重点任务,并提出建立健全VOCs管理体系的对策建议。     

石化行业挥发性有机物源强核算及LDAR技术的应用研究

石化行业排放的挥发性有机物(VOCs)是引发大气环境问题的重要污染物,有效控制VOCs的排放已经成为现阶段中国大气环境治理领域中的热点问题.泄漏检测与修复技术(LDAR)是发现和修复工艺装置泄漏的一种源项控制技术.通过对LDAR技术的文献及石化行业的应用调研,总结了LDAR技术国内外应用进展,挥发性有机物源强的核算方法,重点介绍了LDAR技术在石化行业开展的实施流程及潜在的效益.对石化行业开展泄漏检测与修复工作,减少挥发性有机物无组织的排放起到借鉴作用.     

济南市夏季环境空气VOCs污染特征研究

对济南市2010年夏季环境空气中56种挥发性有机物进行在线气相色谱监测,分析其污染特征及其与气象条件的关系.结果表明,济南市环境空气监测的56种VOCs中主要为烷烃、芳香烃和烯烃,占总监测挥发性有机物的98.2%;6、7月济南市环境空气VOCs浓度整体稳定,8月中下旬浓度明显偏高,且夏季VOCs成分质量百分比随温度有一定变化;VOCs浓度日变化规律曲线在晴天都有明显的双峰特征,分别出现在每天车流量高峰时段,降雨时无明显双峰特征且浓度偏大;济南市环境空气夏季VOCs浓度与风速、日照时间成负相关性,大气稳定度较高时,污染物不易扩散,VOCs浓度呈增长趋势.济南市VOCs的排放源主要是工业排放和机动车排放、汽油的挥发和泄漏等.     

基于OFP的大气挥发性有机物污染源分级控制解析

纵观2016年全国环境空气质量,臭氧(O_3)是六项指标中唯一一个不降反升的污染物。O_3与其前体物氮氧化物(NO_x)和大气挥发性有机物(Volatile Organic Compounds,VOCs)呈现高度非线性相关关系。NO_x从"十二五"规划期间作为约束性指标开始减排,而VOCs则一直呈快速增长态势。我国VOCs排放量较大,而且工业门类齐全。因此如何科学有效削减VOCs是关键。本文基于2015年全国VOCs排放清单,以及不同行业的VOCs成分谱,估算不同行业排放VOCs的臭氧生成潜势(Ozone Formation Potential,OFP),从而提出基于排放量和活性的VOCs污染源分级控制建议。     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.     

Evaluation of phytoextracting cadmium and lead by sunflower, ricinus, alfalfa and mustard in hydroponic culture

Soil contaminated with heavy metals cadmium(Cd)and lead(Pb)is hard to be remediated.Phytoremediation may be a feasible method to remove toxic metals from soil,but there are few suitable plants which can hyperaccumulate metals.In this study,Cd and Pb accumulation by four plants including sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.),mustard(Brassica juncea L.),alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.), ricinus(Ricinus communis L.)in hydroponic cultures was compared.Results showed that these plants could phytocxtract heavy metals, the ability of accumulation differed with species,concentrations and categories of heavy metals.Values of BCF(bioconcentration factor)and TF(translocation factor)indicated that four species had dissimilar abilities of phytoextraction and transportation of heavy metals.Changes on the biomass of plants,pH and Eh at different treatments revealed that these four plants had distinct responses to Cd and Pb in cultures.Measurements should be taken to improve the phytoremediation of sites contaminated with heavy metals,such as pH and Eh regulations,and so forth.