内置渗透墙型生态塘处理农村生活污水的研究

通过在传统的生态塘中增设了一道活性渗透墙而改造成的内置渗透墙型生态塘。结果表明,内置渗透墙型生态塘对生活污水具有良好的处理效果,在水力负荷为0．05～0．1m^3／m^2·d之间时,即水力停留时间在10d～20d时,它对COD的去除率在60％以上,对TN的去除率在50％以上,对TP的去除率在75％以上。大大减轻了后序工艺的负担,减少了后序处理设施。从而缩小了整个生态塘系统的占地面积,节省了基建投资,是一种高效的适合农村生活污水处理的技术。     

曝气稳定塘处理农村生活污水曝气控制条件研究

通过试验研究曝气稳定塘处理农村生活污水水力停留时间、曝气过程中塘内溶解氧和污泥浓度分布以及不同曝气周期对处理效果影响等问题,以期获得较好的处理效果和经济的能耗.结果表明,本试验曝气稳定塘条件下,4 d为本曝气稳定塘的最佳水力停留时间,间歇运行中曝气时间应该大于15 min,曝气稳定塘中各点在2～10 min内污泥浓度可逐渐达到平稳,各污染物去除效果最好的曝气周期为0.5 h曝气/1.0 h停气.     

人工湿地+生态塘处理农村生活污水工程实例

"人工湿地+生态塘"系统是一种投资少、建设运营成本低、工艺简单的新生态处理系统。采用人工湿地+生态塘工艺处理农村生活污水,监测数据表明该工艺成熟可靠,去除N、P能力强,出水各污染指标均能达排放要求,证明该工艺是一种适合农村污水处理的新型工艺,适合在农村推广应用。     

东营市城市生活污水生态处理工艺

根据东营污水处理厂生态塘处理城市污水的运行实践，介绍了生态塘处理城市污水的工艺特点、运行效果及可靠性，分析了生态塘系统，并总结了运行经验。     

高效藻类塘对农村生活污水的处理及氮的迁移转化

研究了高效藻类塘系统处理高氮农村污水氮的去除及其迁移转化规律.高效藻类塘和水生高等植物塘水力停留时间分别为8 d和4 d,进水总氮和氩氮分别为17.13-133.2 mg/L和1.85～108.3 mg/L,两级高效藻类塘对总氮和氨氮的全年平均去除效率分别为29.4%和91.6%,季节处理效率排序为夏季>秋季>春季>冬季.高效藻类塘中氨氮的降解和转化途径依次为硝化作用、藻类同化吸收及其他途径、氨氮挥发;硝化作用占氨氮总转化量的50%以上;高效藻类塘内可以发生氨氮沉淀,但可忽略不计.总氮的去除以藻类同化形成颗粒有机氮经分离后得以去除为主,氨氮挥发较少.可采用藻类塘出水回流至化粪池或改进水生高等植物塘构造强化反硝化.提高系统的整体脱氮效果.     

洱海流域生态塘湿地氮截留特征及其影响因素

为考察生态塘湿地对农村面源污染水体氮截留效果及其影响因素,以洱海子流域生态塘湿地为例,对其基本设计参数和水质进行调查分析,评估生态塘湿地对氮的截留效果,识别不同形态氮在湿地中的迁移转化特征,剖析生态塘湿地中氮截留的主控因子.结果表明:①污水经生态塘湿地净化处理后,出水水质显著改善.出水氮达GB 3838—2002《地表水环境质量标准》Ⅲ类标准的比例为37.5%. ②Spearman相关分析表明,湿地净化效率与湿地氮输入密切相关,生态塘湿地可以有效实现氮的截留,η（TN）（η为去除率）分别与ρ（NH₄+-N）（R=0.226,n=84）、ρ（TN）（R=0.215,n=84）呈显著正相关,与ρ（NO₃--N）（R=-0.201,n=84）相关性不强,硝酸盐氮截留是其效率提高的主要制约因素. ③丰水期、枯水期高低水位交替运行有助于氮截留效率的稳定,枯水期生态塘几乎可以截蓄汇水分区内全部农村面源污水,实现污水的收集消纳及净化.丰水期和枯水期平均η（NH₄+-N）分别为57.72%和55.30%;平均η（NO₃--N）分别为49.45%和46.73%;平均η（TN）分别为54.41%和54.20%. ④单因素分析法有助于识别影响湿地氮净化效率的主控因子.研究显示,当生态塘湿地面积（< 8 000 m2）、库容（< 15 000 m3）、水深（< 2.0 m）在一定范围内时,氮净化效率与面积、库容、水深响应关系不显著,但合适的水深（< 0.4 m和>1.5 m）有利于氮的截留.      

齐齐哈尔氧化塘改造后净化功能的研究

齐齐哈尔氧化塘是我国北方地区采用氧化塘技术处理城市混合污水的示范工程,现日处理城市混合污水25万吨.本文根据近几年的现场监测数据,分析氧化塘(厌氧塘、兼性塘、生态塘)在冬季和夏季处理城市混合污水的体积负荷、面积负荷和COD、BOD_5、SS在各塘的去除率,推导出COD、BOD_5、SS随距离降解的数学模型和BOD_5与COD的相关模型及这两项指标与温度变化的相关模型;对氧化塘中浮游生物体的群落结构及在氧化塘中的变化规律也进行了研究.与改造前对比,改造后的氧化塘处理城市混合污水的能力明显提高;其面积负荷和体积负荷均为厌氧塘>兼性塘>生态塘,冬季(冰封期),厌氧塘和兼性塘仍有一定的净化作用;COD、BOD_5、SS随距离呈e指数下降;为我国北方地区应用氧化塘技术处理城市混合污水提供了参数.     

高效藻类塘系统处理农村污水脱氮除磷及其强化研究

研究了高效藻类塘系统处理太湖地区农村污水脱氮除磷效果及其强化措施。高效藻类塘和水生生物塘HRT分别为8d和4d,出水溶解CODCr的浓度低于100mg/L。高效藻类塘系统的总氮和氨氮的全年平均去除率分别为46.6%和90.4%。两级高效藻类塘内氨氮的去除途径主要包括生物同化、氨氮的挥发和硝化作用等,其中硝化作用为主导作用;水生生物塘去除总氮的主要途径为颗粒有机氮的沉淀去除和硝态氮的反硝化。出水总磷浓度全年平均值为3.33mg/L,高效藻类塘系统的脱氮除磷能力欠佳。通过降低水生生物塘内水深、采用废弃石膏作为填料构建了新型复合水生生物塘,HRT=1.6d条件下,复合水生生物塘出水总氮和总磷可分别保持在5mg/L左右和<1mg/L,可达到GB18918-2002一级B排放标准。     

农村生活污水土地处理技术研究进展

土地处理技术具有造价低,结构简单,运行维护方便,处理效果好等优点,比较适合农村生活污水处理。土地渗滤处理系统、地沟污水处理系统、稳定塘系统、人工湿地4种土地处理技术在我国许多地方得到了很好的应用。针对土地处理工艺存在的占地面积大、容易产生堵塞、系统的复氧等问题提出了建议。     

农村生活污水土地处理技术研究进展

土地处理技术具有造价低,结构简单,运行维护方便,处理效果好等优点,比较适合农村生活污水处理。土地渗滤处理系统、地沟污水处理系统、稳定塘系统、人工湿地4种土地处理技术在我国许多地方得到了很好的应用。针对土地处理工艺存在的占地面积大、容易产生堵塞、系统的复氧等问题提出了建议。     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.     

Simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate by zeolite synthesized from coal fly ash as influenced by acid treatment

Zeolite synthesized from fly ash （ZFA） without modification is not efficient for the purification of NH4＋ and phosphate at low concentrations that occur in real effluents, despite the high potential removal capacity. To develop an effective technique to enhance the removal efficiency of ammonium and phosphate at low concentrations, ZFA was modified with acid treatment and the simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate in a wide range of concentration was investigated. It was seen that when compared with untreated ZFA, only the treatment by 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4 significantly improved the removal efficiency of ammonium at low initial concentrations. The behavior was well explained by the pH effect. Treatment by more concentrated H2SO4 led to the deterioration of the ZFA structure and a decrease in the cation exchange capacity. Treatment by 0.01 mol/L H2SO4 improved the removal efficiency of phosphate by ZFA at all initial P concentrations, while the treatment by concentrated H2SO4 （≥0.9 mol/L） resulted in a limited maximum phosphate immobilization capacity （PIC）. It was concluded that through a previous mild acid treatment （e.g. 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4）, ZFA can be used in the simultaneous removal of NH4＋ and P at low concentrations simulating real effluent.