厌氧氨氧化微生物颗粒化及其脱氮性能的研究

利用厌氧颗粒污泥作为种泥,启动SBR反应器,旨在培养厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥以及研究其脱氮性能.结果表明,水力停留时间(HRT)是富集厌氧氨氧化微生物的1个重要控制因素,以HRT为30 d,第58 d时,SBR反应器就出现厌氧氨氧化现象,与此同时,颗粒污泥由灰黑色变为棕褐色,粒径减小.到第90 d时,成功培养出厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥,NH⁺₄-N和NO^-₂-N同时被去除,最大去除速率分别达到14.6 g/(m³·d)和6.67 g/(m³·d).从第110　d开始,逐步降低HRT,以提高基质负荷促进厌氧氨氧化菌生长.到目前t＝156　d,HRT降到5　d,氨氮和亚硝酸氮的去除率分别达到60.6%和62.5%,亚硝酸氮/氨氮的比率为1.12.污泥也由棕褐色变为红棕色,形成红棕色的具有高厌氧氨氧化活性颗粒污泥,总氮负荷达到34.3 g/(m³·d).     

盐度条件下ANAMMOX-EGSB反应器颗粒污泥微生物群落

采用高通量测序技术探究了0、15和30 g·L^-1盐度条件下稳定运行ANAMMOX-EGSB反应器中颗粒污泥的微生物群落变化.结果发现,进水盐度提升至15 g·L^-1及30 g·L^-1后,反应器脱氮性能呈现小幅下降,随运行时间延长脱氮性能均可恢复.反应器性能稳定后,3种盐度条件下厌氧氨氧化菌的丰度依次为10.33%、20.90%和35.87%,其中Candidatus Kuenenia属为优势属.浮霉状菌门、变形菌门、绿弯菌门丰度占总体比例较高且累计丰度超过了80%,为反应器的优势菌门.盐度条件下,浮霉状菌门丰度增加,变形菌门丰度降低,绿弯菌门丰度相对稳定.电镜扫描显示盐度条件下颗粒污泥表面有大量丝状菌和胞外聚合物.盐度条件下反硝化菌丰度提高,增强了反硝化协同脱氮,绿弯菌门和拟杆菌门微生物丰度的提高有利于维持颗粒污泥结构稳定,好氧微生物及反硝化菌的存在也有利于维持反应器内部厌氧水平.这些结果表明,厌氧氨氧化菌经驯化可适应盐度,盐度条件下伴生菌对厌氧氨氧化菌功能的发挥提供了支撑.     

间歇梯度曝气下缩短SRT强化短程SNEDPR系统脱氮除磷

为了探究间歇梯度曝气下污泥龄对氨氧化菌（AOB）和亚硝酸盐氧化菌（NOB）的影响,研究短程硝化内源反硝化除磷系统对于处理低C/N比生活污水的优势作用,本文采用SBR反应器培养好氧颗粒污泥,实验进水采用实际生活污水.结果表明,在SRT由50 d逐渐降低至30 d过程中,比氨氧化速率由3.16 mg·（g·h）^-1增加至4.38 mg·（g·h）^-1,比亚硝酸盐氧化速率由3.4 mg·（g·h）^-1降为1.8 mg·（g·h）^-1左右,可知NOB活性降低约44%,从而使系统实现了短程硝化.当SRT为30 d时,由典型周期实验可知亚硝酸盐最大积累量可达6.93mg·L^-1.由于系统中污泥浓度随SRT的减少而略有降低,因此在反应进行至40 d左右时根据DO曲线采取降低曝气量的策略,最终SRT为30 d时系统出水COD浓度为40.76 mg·L^-1,TN浓度为12.4 mg·L^-1,TP浓度为0.31 mg·L^-1,强化了系统中C、N和P的同步去除,最终得到了稳定运行的短程硝化内源反硝化除磷系统.同时好氧颗粒污泥EPS含量与SRT呈现负相关性,蛋白质含量由污泥龄为50 d的66.7 mg·g^-1升为30 d的95.1mg·g^-1,多糖保持在12.1~17.2 mg·g^-1的范围内,说明SRT的降低对蛋白质含量的影响较多糖大,当SRT为30 d时,PN/PS值保持在6.2左右,好氧颗粒污泥在该条件下仍能保持较好的结构稳定性.     

基于粒径分化的厌氧氨氧化污泥性能与微生物多样性分析

为明确基于粒径分化的厌氧氨氧化（ANAMMOX）污泥特性与菌群演替规律,研究了高氨氮生物滤池反应体系中ANAMMOX絮体污泥形成颗粒过程中的性能变化和微生物群落结构.结果表明,粒径增加显著提高了厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥（AnGS）比活性（SAA）和耐受性,R4（>4.75 mm）的SAA最高为426.8mg·（g·d）^-1,但也给传质带来不利影响.高通量测序结果显示,菌属间动态变化普遍存在.<4.75 mm时,粒径增加强化了菌群结构稳定性,絮体中含量较多的氨氧化细菌（AOB）被淘汰,脱氮比例逐渐稳定.R3（2.8~4.75 mm）具有最专一的菌群组成,功能菌Candidatus Kuenenia占比达到52.7%,而R4群落复杂度升高,功能菌占比下降,异养菌丰度增加,对颗粒结构产生负作用.此外,R3微生物的基因功能表达水平最佳,在基因复制修复和能量转化等方面明显优于小颗粒.最后通过样本间OTU矩阵分析了AnGS的进化过程.这些结果对AnGS系统的优化具有一定指导意义,将有助于ANAMMOX工艺的应用.     

填料对ANAMMOX污泥活性恢复的影响及菌群特征

为实现室温下长期储存的厌氧氨氧化污泥的活性快速恢复,采用3组反应器分别对在室温(15～30℃)且无基质的条件下储存9个月的厌氧氨氧化污泥进行活性恢复,其中R2和R3反应器分别添加彗星纤维填料和K3填料作为生物载体,探究不同填料添加对厌氧氨氧化污泥活性恢复速率的影响.结果表明,R2和R3反应器分别在第8 d和第10 d开...     

EGSB反应器中实现完全自营养脱氮与运行优化

同时接种好氧氨氧化污泥和厌氧氨氧化污泥启动EGSB反应器,培养完全自营养脱氮颗粒污泥,总氮去除速率达0.101 kg·(m³·d)^-1.基于边界层假设模拟颗粒污泥与液相主体间的传质过程,并将其与颗粒污泥内传质过程以及好氧氨氧化、厌氧氨氧化和亚硝酸盐氧化过程相耦合,建立了颗粒污泥完全自营养脱氮模型,应用实验结果对模型进行了验证.根据模拟结果对EGSB反应器运行条件进行优化,总氮平均去除效率由52%提高到61%,平均去除速率由0.103 kg·(m³·d)^-1提高到0.114 kg·(m³·d)^-1.     

限NH4+和限NO2-厌氧氨氧化系统的运行特性及微生物种群特征

在控制进水TN浓度<50 mg·L^-1、水力停留时间为2.0 h和水温为20℃条件下,采用连续流完全混合式反应器对比研究了限NH₄⁺和限NO₂^-厌氧氨氧化系统的脱氮效能及微生物种群特征.结果表明,尽管两厌氧氨氧化反应器维持了类似的TN去除负荷［0.45~0.5 kg·（m³·d）^-1］和TN去除率（70%左右）,但限NH₄⁺厌氧氨氧化反应器中ΔNO₃^-/ΔNH₄⁺呈现更快的上升趋势.批式试验及高通量测序结果表明,限NH₄⁺厌氧氨氧化反应器比限NO₂^-反应器具有更为显著的功能及微生物种群空间异质性.Candidatus_Brocadia是两反应器中的优势厌氧氨氧化菌属,限NH₄⁺条件下Candidatus_Brocadia在大粒径颗粒污泥中的富集水平（53.9%）显著高于絮体污泥（19.1%）;而在限NO₂^-条件下颗粒污泥与絮体污泥中Candidatus_Brocadia的相对丰度差别不大,分别为28.1%和21.3%.两反应器中均有Nitrospira存在且主要生存于絮体污泥中,对O₂的需求应是驱动Nitrospira于絮体污泥中生长的关键因素;此外,限NH₄⁺（即NO₂^-富余）环境可以促进Nitrospira的生长繁殖.综上,提出了基于选择性排泥的限NH₄⁺厌氧氨氧化系统优化运行策略.     

环境因子对全自养脱氮颗粒污泥功能菌协同效应的影响

以全自养脱氮颗粒污泥为研究对象,在采用MiSeq高通量测序技术探明其微生物菌群结构的基础上,通过单因子批次实验,系统考察了溶解氧（DO）浓度、反应温度（t）、初始氨氮（NH₄⁺-N）浓度和溶液pH对好氧与厌氧氨氧化菌（AOB和AMX）之间协同作用的影响,以期为新工艺的运行调控提供理论参考.结果表明,以Nitrosomonas属（相对丰度32.9%）和Candidatus Kuenenia属（相对丰度9.8%）为代表的AOB和AMX在颗粒污泥中占据优势地位.当初始NH₄⁺-N浓度为100 mg·L^-1时,颗粒污泥的总氮比降解速率[q（TN）]在DO=2 mg·L^-1时达到最大值（17.7±1.0）mg·（g·h）^-1.过低或过高的DO浓度将分别导致亚硝化和厌氧氨氧化成为脱氮的限速步骤.依据反应自由能可知,AMX活性较AOB更易受到低温条件的抑制.当t<30℃时,系统中出现亚硝态氮累积现象,q（TN）值显著降低.在相同的供氧条件下,初始NH₄⁺-N浓度低于100 mg·L^-1不能充分发挥污泥中AMX的脱氮能力.但当初始NH₄⁺-N浓度超过150 mg·L^-1时,供氧不足和高游离氨又会导致q（TN）值的持续下降.此外,颗粒污泥中两类氨氧化菌在pH 7.0~8.5范围内都表现出了良好的协同作用.     

外源甜菜碱投加增强高盐废水厌氧氨氧化脱氮性能

废水因含盐量高而导致其生物处理效率降低,对于如何提高高盐环境下的生物处理效率已成为目前的研究热点.采用厌氧氨氧化工艺处理高盐废水,以不同甜菜碱浓度对厌氧氨氧化脱氮效能为研究对象,探讨了甜菜碱对厌氧氨氧化脱氮效能的影响.结果表明：①投加甜菜碱对系统脱氮效能有明显的改善作用,甜菜碱浓度为0.1~0.4 mmol·L^-1时,添加甜菜碱缓解了盐胁迫对厌氧氨氧化菌生长的抑制,也促进了反硝化菌的生长;甜菜碱浓度为0.4~0.5 mmol·L^-1时,推测反硝化菌为优势菌群,但对总氮去除表现为促进作用.甜菜碱浓度大于0.5 mmol·L^-1后,添加甜菜碱已无法缓解盐胁迫对反应器脱氮效能的抑制,最终在甜菜碱浓度0.8 mmol·L^-1时对反应器产生完全抑制.②甜菜碱的添加浓度为0.3 mmol·L^-1时,反应去除效能达到最佳,NH₄⁺-N和NO₂^--N分别提升了16%和32%,NRR提升了26.8%.③在最后的恢复试验中,随着甜菜碱浓度的降低反应器脱氮效能得到快速恢复,NH₄⁺-N恢复到50.6%,NO₂^--N平均去除率为63.7%,NRR恢复到0.65 kg·（m³·d）^-1,这说明甜菜碱对反应器的影响是可逆的.     

MnO2强化厌氧氨氧化工艺启动及其微生物机理研究

通过对照试验考察了添加MnO₂对厌氧氨氧化污泥驯化和培养的影响,并采用16S rRNA基因高通量测序技术和定量PCR分析其机理.结果表明,添加MnO₂粉末能够显著提高容积氮负荷及运行性能,其脱氮速率高达848.04 mg·L^-1·d^-1,几乎是对照组反应器的2倍.16S rRNA基因高通量测序技术和定量PCR结果表明,添加MnO₂粉末促进了典型厌氧氨氧化菌Candidate Brocadia的富集,厌氧氨氧化菌16S rRNA基因和功能基因hzsB的丰度显著提高.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.     

Simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate by zeolite synthesized from coal fly ash as influenced by acid treatment

Zeolite synthesized from fly ash （ZFA） without modification is not efficient for the purification of NH4＋ and phosphate at low concentrations that occur in real effluents, despite the high potential removal capacity. To develop an effective technique to enhance the removal efficiency of ammonium and phosphate at low concentrations, ZFA was modified with acid treatment and the simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate in a wide range of concentration was investigated. It was seen that when compared with untreated ZFA, only the treatment by 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4 significantly improved the removal efficiency of ammonium at low initial concentrations. The behavior was well explained by the pH effect. Treatment by more concentrated H2SO4 led to the deterioration of the ZFA structure and a decrease in the cation exchange capacity. Treatment by 0.01 mol/L H2SO4 improved the removal efficiency of phosphate by ZFA at all initial P concentrations, while the treatment by concentrated H2SO4 （≥0.9 mol/L） resulted in a limited maximum phosphate immobilization capacity （PIC）. It was concluded that through a previous mild acid treatment （e.g. 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4）, ZFA can be used in the simultaneous removal of NH4＋ and P at low concentrations simulating real effluent.