石灰混凝-浸没蒸发协同处理垃圾渗滤液纳滤膜浓缩液

为提高垃圾渗滤液膜浓缩液减量化水平,采用石灰混凝-浸没蒸发协同处理纳滤膜浓缩液,获得了处理过程中水质变化规律。结果表明:单独采用石灰混凝处理,在石灰投加量为2 g/L时,膜浓缩液混凝软化效果最佳;随着石灰投加量增加,此时,膜浓缩液pH=10.58,硬度去除率为29.1%,COD去除率为24.1%,NH₃-N去除率为67.3%。。采用石灰混凝-浸没蒸发协同处理,石灰投加量为2 g/L、浓缩倍率为10时,蒸发残液软化效果进一步提升,较单独处理,硬度去除率由29.1%提升至65.9%,COD去除率由24.1%提升至41.2%,NH₃-N去除率由67.3%提升至81.4%;K+浓度由样液中4300 mg/L提高到36210 mg/L、Na+浓度由5860 mg/L提高到48300 mg/L,为资源化利用提供了条件;冷凝液ρ（COD）由26.3 mg/L降低至16.3 mg/L,ρ（NH₃-N）由2.0 mg/L降低至1.4 mg/L,出水可满足GB 16889—2008《生活垃圾填埋场污染控制标准》相关要求。     

Fe/C微电解-Fenton氧化联合处理垃圾渗滤液

采用Fe/C微电解-Fenton氧化联合工艺处理某固体废弃物处理企业填埋区的垃圾渗滤液,以降低其COD与浊度值,并去除渗滤液中的重金属离子。结果表明:当pH=4~5,铁炭复合材料投加量为30~40 g/L,曝气量为40 L/min,水力停留时间(HRT)为1 h时,微电解方法对垃圾渗滤液中的Ni2+、Cr(Ⅵ)、Pb2+的去除效果较好,其去除率分别达到 96%、97%和96%,垃圾渗滤液色度去除率为92.41%,COD去除率为62.33%,浊度由40.73NTU降至3.09 NTU,COD由579.2 mg/L降至218.16 mg/L。对微电解工艺出水进一步采用Fenton氧化工艺处理,结果表明:当Fe2+浓度为0.007 mol/L,氧化时间为90 min,n(H₂O₂):n(Fe2+)=1.2:1条件下,COD去除率为67.50%,浊度为53.20%,处理后的出水浊度为1.47 NTU、COD为69.49 mg/L,达到GB 18918-2002《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》的二级排放标准。     

GAC-O3/H2O2体系去除准好氧矿化垃圾床渗滤液尾水中难降解有机物的研究

为了降低准好氧矿化垃圾床渗滤液尾水中有机物浓度和提高体系可生化性,构建了GAC(粒状活性炭)-O_3/H_2O_2体系催化降解矿化垃圾床渗滤液尾水中有机物.同时,考察了体系O_3、GAC和H_2O_2投加量、初始pH值对GAC-O_3/H_2O_2体系处理渗滤液尾水的影响,并使用分子量分布、紫外-可见光谱和三维荧光光谱解析了难降解有机物在GAC-O_3/H_2O_2体系的转化机制.结果表明:在GAC投加量为10 g·L-1,O_3投加量为32.16 mg·min-1,H_2O_2投加量为3 m L·L-1,初始pH值为5的条件下,反应20 min后,其渗滤液尾水的COD和UV245分别从700.08 mg·L~(-1)和0.488下降到393.85 mg·L~(-1)和0.244,COD和UV254的去除率分别为43.80%和50.00%.经GAC-O_3/H_2O_2体系处理后,得益于含芳香环有机物的有效降解,渗滤液尾水中大分子有机物(大于50 k Da)明显减少,分子量小于1 k Da的有机物比例增多.与此同时,紫外区类富里酸荧光区及可见光区类富里酸荧光区峰值也大幅降低,其去除率分别为70.20%和58.69%,B/C从0.04增加到0.35,这也使得废水可生化性大幅提高.     

磁种混凝法去除校园污水中COD的试验研究

运用磁种混凝技术处理校园生活污水,通过分析原水水质,磁种（Fe3O4）、混凝剂PAC（聚合氯化铝）或PAS（聚合硫酸铝）、助凝剂PAM（聚丙烯酰胺）投加方式及投加量考察对COD去除效果的影响。实验表明：磁种的添加量和添加方式对水处理起到关键性作用。先添加磁粉0.3g/L,再添加PAC 0.3g/L,PAM 0.002g/L混合搅拌出水COD去除率为78.90%,处理后COD含量43.60mg/L,达到排放标准。     

超声-类Fenton法预处理焦化废水影响因素的研究

以考察超声-类Fenton法预处理焦化废水的影响因素为目的,研究了初始pH、Fe_3O_4投加量、H_2O_2投加量和超声波功率对COD去除率的影响。结果表明,预处理焦化废水的最优条件如下:pH为3. 0,Fe_3O_4的质量浓度为1. 0 g/L,H_2O_2(质量分数为30%)的体积分数为1. 0 mL/L,超声波功率为490 W,反应时间为120 min。在此条件下COD的去除率可达70%。     

pH过程控制对铁炭微电解-Fenton影响中试研究

采用铁炭微电解-Fenton联合工艺处理制药废水生化出水,探讨了初始pH对微电解过程COD降解速率、出水中Fe2+和Fe3+变化规律以及后续Fenton氧化效果的影响,为优化联合工艺提出了微电解反应pH过程控制的理论。采用pH过程控制时,微电解对COD降解速率大大提高,降解过程基本符合零级反应动力学,同时可大大提高Fe2+和Fe3+浓度及总铁析出量。试验结果表明:当初始pH=2.5,以3.0L/h连续性投加稀硫酸100 min,曝气微电解反应2 h,出水再投加1.0mL/L的H2O2进行Fenton氧化2 h,出水COD总去除率可达85.6%;采用pH过程控制可将微电解出水ρ(Fe2+)浓度从48.6 mg/L提高至149 mg/L,COD降解速率从10.9 mg/(L·h)提高至23.8 mg/(L·h)。     

强磁粉协同作用预处理垃圾渗滤液

研究了强磁粉(Fe3O4)与无机混凝剂Al2(SO4)3在垃圾渗滤液处理中的协同作用。结果表明:Fe3O4与Al2(SO4)3复合使用混凝效果优于单纯使用Al2(SO4)3的混凝效果。当Al2(SO4)32.0g/L,磁粉(Fe3O4)1.6g/L,搅拌强度150r/min,pH值3.0,沉降时间5min时,可使渗滤液的COD去除率达70%,混凝时的胶粒沉降速率明显加快。     

催化臭氧氧化预处理垃圾渗滤液

采用浸渍法制备载铜活性炭催化剂,系统地研究了催化氧化法对垃圾渗滤液中的COD和氨氮去除效果,对臭氧氧化和催化臭氧氧化效率进行了对比。在该方法下制备的催化剂中,活性组分金属铜的含量为2.89%。结果表明:在投加催化剂的情况下,COD的去除效率可得到显著提高。实验结果表明:处理COD为4980mg/L,氨氮为2100mg/L的垃圾渗滤液废水,在室温、pH为3、反应时间为120min、催化剂投加量为150g/L、臭氧的流量为5.2mg/min的条件下,废水中的COD及氨氮的去除率分别达到达81.9%和99.04%。     

H2O2-Fe2+法处理精喹禾灵生产废水的研究

采用酸析法先对精喹禾灵生产废水进行预处理然后用H_2O_2-Fe_~(2 )法进行催化氧化,研究了H_2O_2投加量及投加方式、Fe~(2 )投加量、反应时间对处理效果的影响。结果表明,在H_2O_2投加量为12g/L,分批投加,Fe~(2 )投加量为300mg/L,反应时间为90min、pH=2～4的条件下,氧化,出水经活性炭吸附后废水的COD和色度的去除率分别可达94.5％和96.7％,用石灰乳中和后可直接排放,达到了国家二级排放标准(GB8978-1996)。     

Fenton法处理垃圾渗滤液的研究

采用Fenton法氧化处理中年垃圾渗滤液生化出水,对影响双氧水利用率及COD去除率的各种因素,包括初始pH,H2O2/Fe2+比率,双氧水投加量、催化剂类型及反应时间等进行了研究。结果表明:Fenton法氧化处理中年垃圾渗滤液生化出水的最佳条件是:初始pH值为7,H2O2/Fe2+比率为4∶1,双氧水的经济投加量为0.05 m ol/L,反应时间为3.5 h。此时,混合催化剂可提高双氧水的利用率,双氧水利用率为153.9%,COD去除率可达80.5%,处理出水可达到GB 16689—1997《生活垃圾填埋污染控制标准》二级标准(COD≤300 m g/L)。     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.     

Simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate by zeolite synthesized from coal fly ash as influenced by acid treatment

Zeolite synthesized from fly ash （ZFA） without modification is not efficient for the purification of NH4＋ and phosphate at low concentrations that occur in real effluents, despite the high potential removal capacity. To develop an effective technique to enhance the removal efficiency of ammonium and phosphate at low concentrations, ZFA was modified with acid treatment and the simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate in a wide range of concentration was investigated. It was seen that when compared with untreated ZFA, only the treatment by 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4 significantly improved the removal efficiency of ammonium at low initial concentrations. The behavior was well explained by the pH effect. Treatment by more concentrated H2SO4 led to the deterioration of the ZFA structure and a decrease in the cation exchange capacity. Treatment by 0.01 mol/L H2SO4 improved the removal efficiency of phosphate by ZFA at all initial P concentrations, while the treatment by concentrated H2SO4 （≥0.9 mol/L） resulted in a limited maximum phosphate immobilization capacity （PIC）. It was concluded that through a previous mild acid treatment （e.g. 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4）, ZFA can be used in the simultaneous removal of NH4＋ and P at low concentrations simulating real effluent.