表流人工湿地中芦苇对重金属的吸收和累积

为了研究人工湿地植物中重金属的累积和分布,对中试规模湿地植物(芦苇)中6种重金属Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb和Zn进行取样和分析。结果表明:湿地芦苇中Zn、Cu和Cr的质量分数沿着湿地入口的前3个采样点显示出下降趋势,即在离进水较近的约30 m区域内,芦苇对重金属的吸收最明显。芦苇各部位中Cu的分布显示为根>茎>叶;其他5种重金属的分布为根>叶>茎,则根中重金属质量分数远大于茎和叶。芦苇根易于富集Cd和Cu,对Cr的富集能力较弱;芦苇中除Cr以外,其他5种重金属由根向叶的迁移能力大于由根向茎的转移能力,且Cu和Zn从芦苇根向地上部位的迁移能力较强。     

湿地植物芦苇(Phragmites australis)的重金属富集能力与评价

以江苏盐城海岸带的原生湿地植物芦苇(Phragmites australis)为研究对象,检测了Hg、As、Cu、Zn、Pb、Ni、Cd、Cr共8种重金属在其茎叶和根系部分的含量。结果表明,芦苇植物体对重金属的生物富集能力各异,其根系对Hg和Cr的富集能力较大,其茎叶则表现为对Hg的富集能力较大;芦苇植物体对于8种重金属的转运系数均小于1,其中转运系数最大的是Cd,达到0.88。基于国家药用植物行业标准《中华人民共和国外经贸行业标准药用植物及制剂进出口绿色行业标准》,评价了该湿地植物芦苇的入药情况。结果表明,该湿地芦苇不符合药用植物入药标准。芦苇滩土壤中,Cd和Cu含量超出了土壤环境质量标准的要求,存在一定程度的Cd和Cu污染。因此,就目前芦苇开发利用状况而言,收割芦苇的行为有利于高效、经济地从湿地中转移出各种重金属污染物。芦苇可以作为受污染滨海湿地生态系统的修复植被,利用其高生产力,通过秸秆收割来达到净化湿地环境的效果。     

纳污湿地植物对底泥重金属吸收特性研究

对武河湿地两种主要植物——芦苇和菖蒲不同组织及其底泥中Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb 4种重金属元素的含量进行了测定,结果表明:4种重金属元素在两种植物中的含量表现为Cu(628.51 mg/kg)Zn(578.05 mg/kg)Pb(32.01 mg/kg)Cd(11.71 mg/kg),但同一种元素在植物体不同组织中的含量有较大的差异;芦苇对于4种重金属元素的转移能力表现为ZnCuPbCd,富集能力表现为ZnCuCdPb,菖蒲对于4种重金属元素的转移能力表现为ZnCdPbCu,富集能力表现为ZnCdCuPb;芦苇处理Cu、Zn复合污染及Cd污染的污水效果较好,菖蒲净化Zn污染及Cd污染的水体效果较好,二者对于Pb元素的净化能力有限;相关分析表明,芦苇茎部对于碳酸盐结合态Pb元素的吸收效果良好,芦苇根部对于残渣态Pb吸收效果较好,但有机结合态Pb可能会抑制芦苇根部对于Pb元素的吸收,离子态的Pb可能会抑制菖蒲根部对其的吸收。     

复合人工湿地系统对重金属的去除研究

水资源的日益短缺是当今世界的主要难题,这一问题在很大程度上限制了人类社会的可持续发展,因此在注重节约用水的同时,加大对污染水的治理至关重要。随着工业的发展,污水成分逐渐复杂,传统的工艺已不能满足去除此类污染物的需求,尤其是重金属污染、石油污染等。人工湿地最为一种原位污水净化系统,有投资小、能耗低等优点。大量研究表明湿地系统对重金属工业废水的去除有较好的作用。人工湿地系统通过基质、植物、微生物对重金属进行去除。该文研究5种由水平潜流、垂直潜流、表面流3种不同工艺组合成的复合人工湿地系统对Cd、Cr、Cu、Pb、Zn的去除效果。结果表明:系列1~系列4复合型人工湿地对5中重金属都有去除效果。系列5除对Cu和Zn有显著释放现象外对Cd、Cr、Pb也有一定的去除效果。垂直潜流人工湿地对Cd、Cr、Pb的去除效果好于水平潜流和表面流人工湿地;多级复合型人工湿地对Cd、Cr、Pb的去除效果好于单级人工湿地;垂直潜流和水平潜流人工湿地对Cu的去除差异不大,垂直潜流人工湿地对Zn的去除效果优于水平潜流人工湿地。通过本研究结果,针对不同种类的重金属污染可对人工湿地系统的建设提供理论指导。     

巢湖塘西河河口湿地重金属污染风险不确定性评价

基于污染风险评价系统多种不确定性共存的特点,采用盲数描述和表征重金属污染风险评价模型的各项参数,在对采自巢湖塘西河河口湿地24个表层沉积物柱状样中Cu,Zn,Pb,Cd和Cr等指标分析测试的基础上,采用Matlab工具软件编制的潜在生态风险指数盲数评价模型程序,对巢湖塘西河河口湿地重金属污染风险进行定量评估. 结果表明:巢湖塘西河河口湿地处于中等污染至较高污染状态,其相应的可信度分别为0.589和0.411;潜在生态风险等级属较低至中等水平,其相应可信度分别为0.755和0.245. 5种重金属污染程度排序依次为Cu＞Cd＞Zn＞Pb＞Cr;潜在生态风险水平排序依次为Cd＞Cu＞Pb＞Cr＞Zn.      

重金属污染河流生态修复区挺水植物对重金属的吸收特性

为了分析比较滇东南选矿区重金属污染河流——小白河生态修复区所种植芦苇和香蒲对重金属的吸收及生态修复效果差异,于2015年4月在小白河西岸野生植物区及东岸生态修复区采集土壤及植物样品,对样品进行烘干、消解,使用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法测定样品中铅（Pb）、锌（Zn）、铬（Cr）和镍（Ni）这4种重金属的含量,使用原子荧光光谱法测定样品中砷（As）的含量.结果表明:①小白河东岸生态修复区湿地底泥中As和Zn污染最为严重,但东岸底泥中各重金属含量已明显低于西岸,其中芦苇种植区底泥中w（As）和w（Ni）较西岸分别降低了38.82%和50.53%,香蒲种植区底泥中w（As）和w（Ni）较西岸分别降低了13.54%和21.95%.②芦苇对As、Pb、Zn和Pb、Cr以及Cr、Ni这3组重金属的吸收存在显著的协同作用,香蒲对重金属吸收的协同作用表现在As、Zn、Ni和Pb、Cr这2组重金属中,这种重金属吸收协同作用在芦苇中更明显.③芦苇对Cr的生物富集系数（BCF）较高,对Cr的转运系数（TF）为0.80,属于富集型耐受策略,芦苇对Zn和Ni属于根部囤积型耐受策略;香蒲对Pb、Zn、Ni、Cr这4种重金属的BCF较大,TF均接近1,属于富集型耐受策略,对As属于根部囤积型耐受策略.研究显示,芦苇可作为重金属污染河流生态修复区的先锋植物,香蒲的重金属生物富集效率较高,将重金属富集于地上部的能力较强,可考虑将植物分区种植的模式改为间作种植,并定期收割香蒲地上部,以使生态修复区具有更好的重金属修复效果.      

淇澳岛红树林生态系统中重金属含量相关性

采集珠海淇澳岛北部大围湾的红树林区潮间带沉积物和植物组织样品若干,测定各样品中Cu、Zn、Cd和Pb的含量,四种重金属含量在各沉积物中、各植物组织中以及沉积物和植物组织之间的相关性。研究表明,沉积物中Pb和Zn含量呈极强正相关,Pb、Zn与Cd含量之间呈强正相关,其他各类重金属之间的相关性不显著。四种重金属与沉积物颗粒形态相关性均不显著。红树植物各组织对四种重金属的富集系数范围为0.001~0.72,0.006~0.39,0.053~1.97和0.004~0.24,富集能力与林龄正相关,其中对Zn、Cd和Pb的富集系数与土壤中含量呈负相关,表明在过高重金属污染胁迫的环境中红树植物有自行降低富集能力以避免被伤害的趋势。     

纳污湿地表层沉积物中重金属形态研究

采用Tessier法提取了武河湿地表层沉积物中重金属元素Cu、Zn、Pb、Hg、Cd,对其形态分布特征和相关性进行了分析,并利用潜在生态风险指数法对武河湿地表层沉积物中重金属污染进行了综合性评价分析,结果表明:各元素主要以残渣态形式存在,其平均含量均在80%以上;Hg活性态含量为0.098 mg/kg,低于环境背景值,环境危害轻微;相关分析表明碳酸盐结合态的Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd的污染源相似,有机结合态的Cu、Zn、Cd污染源相近,残渣态Cu、Zn、Pb污染源相近,残渣态Pb和Cd污染源相似或相近;各重金属元素迁移能力表现为Cd(5.40)Pb(5.22)Zn(2.31)Cu(0.94);各元素的潜在生态风险表现为CdCuZnPb,且Cd、Pb属于生物毒性显著的元素,对于其引起的污染更应该加倍重视。     

亚热带河网湿地沉积物重金属分布及风险评价

采用原子吸收光谱法测定了中国南亚热带典型河网湿地(海珠湿地)水域环境表层沉积物中重金属Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Ni、Cr、Fe、Mn的含量,通过聚类分析和相关分析方法探讨其重金属的空间分布及来源特征,利用Hakanson生态风险评价法和基于一致性的沉积物质量基准法比较评价该区域重金属污染生态风险。结果显示,海珠湿地水域表层沉积物各重金属含量范围分别为:Cd(0.11~4.37 mg/kg)、Pb(54.9~156.0 mg/kg)、Cr(40.7~225.5 mg/kg)、Cu(34.2~244.9 mg/kg)、Ni(30.9~133.2 mg/kg)、Zn(134.8~669.7 mg/kg)、Fe(2.5%~4.2%)及Mn(0.04%~0.06%),均不同程度地超过区域背景值,且呈狭窄水面向宽阔水面区域递减的空间变化趋势。除Cd在丰水期显著高于枯水期外,其他金属的含量季节差异不显著。各重金属来源及变化趋势表现为两大类群:Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Ni和Cr之间具有显著的相关性,可能以人类活动污染为主;而Fe和Mn之间具有显著的相关性,以地壳自然来源为主。海珠湿地总体重金属生态风险较高,应对该区域重金属含量及水生生物状况进行跟踪监测,以维护水域生态系统的健康与平衡。     

三峡澎溪河回水区消落带岸边土壤重金属污染分布特征

在对澎溪河回水区消落带及岸边土样品中重金属含量和样品理化性质测定的基础上,重点分析了该区域内重金属分布特征,并对重金属元素间的相关性展开研究.同时,应用地累积指数对研究区域污染现状进行评价.结果表明,消落带样品中Cu、Cr、Zn、As、Cd、Pb、Hg的平均含量分别为28.17、59.21、108.98、4.77、2.02、28.85、0.52mg·kg-1;岸边土样品中重金属的含量范围分别为22.32、54.90、98.05、7.87、0.77、22.97、0.94mg·kg-1.Cd是三峡库区污染较严重的重金属元素.相关性分析表明：在消落带样品中,Cd与Zn显著相关（p〈0.01）,Pb、Hg和Cu、As都存在显著的正相关关系,说明这4种重金属元素在接受外来污染时可能存在相似性;在岸边土样品中,Cd与Zn、Cr与Cu、As与Hg显著相关（p〈0.01）,Pb与Cu、Cr、Zn、Cd显著正相关,表明这几种重金属可能有着相似的来源.消落带样品重金属污染程度评价结果为：Cd〉Hg〉Zn〉Pb〉Cu〉As〉Cr,岸边土样品重金属污染程度评价结果为：Hg〉Cd〉Zn〉As〉Pb〉Cu〉Cr,Cd和Hg在个别站位达到了严重污染水平.消落带土壤受人为扰动后会成为水体的二次污染源,因此,消落带土壤重金属对水体的潜在影响不容忽视.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.     

Simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate by zeolite synthesized from coal fly ash as influenced by acid treatment

Zeolite synthesized from fly ash （ZFA） without modification is not efficient for the purification of NH4＋ and phosphate at low concentrations that occur in real effluents, despite the high potential removal capacity. To develop an effective technique to enhance the removal efficiency of ammonium and phosphate at low concentrations, ZFA was modified with acid treatment and the simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate in a wide range of concentration was investigated. It was seen that when compared with untreated ZFA, only the treatment by 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4 significantly improved the removal efficiency of ammonium at low initial concentrations. The behavior was well explained by the pH effect. Treatment by more concentrated H2SO4 led to the deterioration of the ZFA structure and a decrease in the cation exchange capacity. Treatment by 0.01 mol/L H2SO4 improved the removal efficiency of phosphate by ZFA at all initial P concentrations, while the treatment by concentrated H2SO4 （≥0.9 mol/L） resulted in a limited maximum phosphate immobilization capacity （PIC）. It was concluded that through a previous mild acid treatment （e.g. 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4）, ZFA can be used in the simultaneous removal of NH4＋ and P at low concentrations simulating real effluent.