污泥填埋场气体产量的预测方法研究

为有效利用污泥填埋场内产生的沼气,以上海白龙港污水处理厂污泥为例,对污泥填埋场中气体产生率及产生量进行了预测.应用元素的归一化摩尔化方法得到该污水处理厂污泥有机物的近似分子式为C28H52O16N4.用化学计量法和IPCC模型预测的甲烷气体产生潜能分别为60.6,61.7kg/t(以干重计).用动力学模型和IPCC模型预测的甲烷气体产生率分别为13.3,11.1kg/(t×a)(以干重计),2种方法计算的甲烷气体产生率的差别主要在于参数的取值不同,化学计量法和动力学模型法预测的气体产生量和产生率更能反映污泥填埋场实际的气体产生情况,应用IPCC模型更适合于从宏观角度估算一个地区或整个国家的填埋场产气量.     

电镀污泥贮存豁免量研究——以重庆市为例

文章介绍了危险废物贮存环节豁免限值的计算方法,并以选取的重庆市15家电镀企业产生的电镀污泥为例,计算获得重庆市电镀污泥贮存环节豁免量限值。结果显示,以重庆市15家电镀企业贮存点的环境参数统计值建立的电镀污泥贮存豁免管理量反推计算场景中,在暴露点和释放点处有害物的浓度分别为0.009 5 mg/L(致癌效应)、1.2 mg/L(非致癌效应)和0.11 mg/L(致癌效应)、13.63 mg/L(非致癌效应),并以此计算得到电镀污泥豁免管理限值为0.847t/a,即企业电镀污泥年产生量小于0.847t其贮存环节可以豁免管理。     

欧盟15国污水污泥产生量与处理处置方法对比

欧盟15国2012年的污泥产生量约为800万t,年人均产生量为21 kg。欧盟15国均采用污泥厌氧消化和污泥热干化等污泥处理方法,主要采用污泥农业利用和污泥焚烧两种处置方法。爱尔兰和葡萄牙的农业利用比例占本国污泥处置量的90%,荷兰基本采用污泥焚烧的方式进行污泥处置。根据现有情况预测:污泥的厌氧消化作为污泥脱水、无害和化学能源利用的方式具有重要的竞争力,污泥的热干化会结合工业焚烧产生的废热进行,处置方式将继续限制填埋而发展焚烧和农业利用方式。     

杭州市污水处理厂污泥处置技术探讨

杭州地区污泥产生量已达89．8万t／a,污水厂污泥处置问题日益突出。在分析杭州市现有污泥处置技术及经济性的基础上,结合杭州市的实际情况,提出杭州市各地区污泥处置的途径为干化焚烧、水泥窑处置污泥、建材利用、堆肥等多种处置途径结合。     

深圳市工业危险废物综合利用及处置

一、深圳市危险废物产生与处理现状深圳市产生危险废物的行业较为集中,主要在线路板、电镀、电子、医疗卫生等行业,共约20种危险废物。据核查测算,1998年全市危险废物产生量约为4.8万吨,产生量最大的是含铜废物(包括浓铜废液和含铜污泥),其次是表面处理废物污泥,再就是医院临床废物、废酸和无机氟化物等。据预测,到2010年,深     

GM(1,1)在工业固体废物产生量预测中的应用

工业固体废物产生量预测是废物资源优化管理与合理配置的重要前提。为有效预测城市工业固体废物的产生量,客观反映其变化趋势,选择GM(1,1)预测方法建立工业固体废物产生量预测模型。文章以某市2006-2009年的工业固体废物产生量为基础,通过实例对模型精度进行分析比较。研究结果表明:对基本符合线性关系的数据而言,预测值与实际结果具有良好的一致性,模拟精度等级为"好"。在此基础上对该市未来近几年的工业固体废物产生量进行预测研究,发现该市工业固体废物产生量增长速度过快,到2016年全市工业固体废物年产量将高达2 408.25万t,是2006年的5.3倍。研究证明灰色GM(1,1)模型是一个预测工业固体废物产生量的较好工具,其预测结果可为政府部门和环境管理者提供决策参考。     

我国工业危险废物产生量的预测研究

采用灰色系统GM(1,1)和GM(1,2)模型,对我国工业危险废物产生量的变化趋势进行了预测研究。根据过去几年我国危险废物产生量的统计数据,在不考虑其它影响因素的的情况下,采用GM(1,1)模型,预测2010年我国危险废物将达到2432万t;在考虑到工业生产总值影响因子的情况下,采用GM(1,2)模型,预测2010年我国危险废物将达到2686万t。预测结果表明今后我国工业危险废物的产生量将增加很快,可供环境管理部门作参考。     

重庆市废有机溶剂产生特性

基于危险废物转移联单的归纳整理以及实地调研分析,研究了重庆市废有机溶剂的产生特性.结果表明,重庆市废有机溶剂产生行业多达11种,废有机溶剂的产生量从2011年的20万t,到2015年增加到了40多万t,,年平均增长率高达29%,2016和2017年的产生量趋于稳定状态..化工行业的产生量占总产生量的99%,其次为电子行业与汽车制造行业.重庆市的废有机溶剂主要处置方式包括精蒸馏回收,危险废物焚烧炉焚烧以及水泥窑协同处置等.结合重庆市产生行业及产生种类,回收方式等特点,对重庆市废有机溶剂的管理提出了分类回收、加大回收率及小量豁免等建议.     

我国电镀行业危险废物环境管理对策

本文系统研究分析了我国电镀行业危险废物产生、利用处置现状及主流的电镀污泥利用处置技术,从技术和管理角度探讨了电镀行业危险废物管理存在的堵点和盲点。2017年我国电镀行业共产生226万吨电镀污泥,除黑龙江和天津外,其他各省区市电镀行业危险废物利用处置能力充足。针对电镀行业危险废物管理存在的问题,提出了加强对非法转移倾倒行为的打击力度、建立产生者责任延伸制、鼓励电镀行业危险废物源头减量、推进危险废物精细化以及物联网智能化过程管控、完善危险废物利用处置标准体系等政策建议。     

中国废旧电脑产生量及其金属存量分析研究

本研究基于对全国电脑消费者的调研,采用Logistic模型对我国电脑的销售量和平均保有量进行了预测,采用群体平衡模型估算了我国废旧电脑的产生量,采用质量守恒原理对废旧电脑中赋存的有价金属的量做了预测分析.结果表明,到2030年,我国废旧电脑的产生量约为368百万台,其中金的存量约为157.74t、银的存量约为478.12t、钯的存量约为46.72t,铜的存量约为10.91万t.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.     

Simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate by zeolite synthesized from coal fly ash as influenced by acid treatment

Zeolite synthesized from fly ash （ZFA） without modification is not efficient for the purification of NH4＋ and phosphate at low concentrations that occur in real effluents, despite the high potential removal capacity. To develop an effective technique to enhance the removal efficiency of ammonium and phosphate at low concentrations, ZFA was modified with acid treatment and the simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate in a wide range of concentration was investigated. It was seen that when compared with untreated ZFA, only the treatment by 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4 significantly improved the removal efficiency of ammonium at low initial concentrations. The behavior was well explained by the pH effect. Treatment by more concentrated H2SO4 led to the deterioration of the ZFA structure and a decrease in the cation exchange capacity. Treatment by 0.01 mol/L H2SO4 improved the removal efficiency of phosphate by ZFA at all initial P concentrations, while the treatment by concentrated H2SO4 （≥0.9 mol/L） resulted in a limited maximum phosphate immobilization capacity （PIC）. It was concluded that through a previous mild acid treatment （e.g. 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4）, ZFA can be used in the simultaneous removal of NH4＋ and P at low concentrations simulating real effluent.