基于LCA和AHP的污泥处理技术的综合性能评价

应用生命周期评价和层次分析法,分别对干化焚烧、简单填埋2种污泥处理方式进行综合性能评价,获得了2种处理方式的环境、资源、经济及其综合性能指标,并进行了对比分析。在环境方面,污泥填埋工艺呈现出高潜值,人体毒性和固体废弃物为主要的环境影响类型,人体毒性对焚烧环境影响的作用较大。在资源消耗和经济成本方面,污泥干化焚烧较高。各指标权重相同时,污泥焚烧技术的综合性能优于填埋,且经济成本对干化焚烧的综合性能作用最大,而环境性能对填埋的综合指标的影响较大。随着环境要求的提高,干化焚烧有利于可持续发展。     

污泥流化床干化器换热器盘管磨损现象分析和对策

污泥干化焚烧是大中城市污泥处理处置中的一个重要环节,以石洞口污泥干化焚烧为例,由于污泥中含有一定量的细沙,在脱水污泥与流化床换热器内盘管进行热交换和干化过程中,污泥不可避免地对换热器盘管产生摩擦,如何减小污泥干化过程中对换热器的磨损,延长流化床干燥器使用寿命和提高污泥干化处理能力是国内流化床干化污泥工艺必须解决的一个重要问题。本文根据长期对流化床运行工艺的理解和现场观测,从不同方面提出延长干燥器使用周期的方法和方案,有助于国内相似设备在运行中借鉴。     

城市污泥处置方法的探讨—萧山模式

随着工业和城市的发展,污水处理率的提高,城市污泥产量越来越大.在此以处置城市污泥方面走在全国前列的萧山为例,通过对其已实施的污泥焚烧、制砖、深度脱水干化项目的工艺介绍、对环境的影响、存在问题与对策的探讨,为其他地区选择、实施污泥处置项目提供了可借鉴的经验.     

气动分配阀在污泥干化焚烧一体化装置应用中的问题与对策

循环流化床焚烧炉旋风分离器装捕捉到的高温热灰通过特殊装置(气动分配阀)引入到污泥干化器中直接干化脱水污泥理念是中科院首先提出的,并在杭州七格污水厂100吨/天污泥干化焚烧一体化示范项目工程中实现应用,标志着国内在污泥焚烧技术处理领域又向前迈出了一步。循环热灰气动分配阀是创新的设计和发明,为了在工艺中更好应用,针对这一核心设备在污泥干化焚烧装置运行中出现的问题和改进的措施进行分析探讨。     

生物干化污泥混煤燃烧特性及污染物排放规律研究

从生物干化污泥处理厂和掺煤焚烧发电厂采集样品,对样品的热重特性、燃烧特征参数进行了分析测定,同时对干化污泥和煤不同质量比例的混合试样(煤样质量分数为0%、20%、30%和40%)进行燃烧特性试验,利用烟气分析仪检测了NO_x和SO_2排放规律。热重实验表明,生物干化污泥的着火温度为257~264℃,600℃时基本完全燃烧,综合燃烧特性指数与煤样相当,与煤样混烧可降低其着火点,改善综合燃烧性能。燃烧试验表明,生物干化污泥单独燃烧时NO_x和SO_2排放浓度较高,混烧可减少二次污染物排放。燃烧过程中氮氧化物主要为NO,生物干化污泥与煤混合样品呈现单峰排放的特征,在800~900℃燃烧时生物干化污泥挥发分的析出燃烧促进了煤样中焦炭氮的提前释放与燃烧;燃烧过程中SO_2呈现双峰排放特征。发电厂实际混烧利用时,可以通过提高燃烧温度、缩短焚烧停留时间,从而减少燃烧过程中二次污染物的总排放量。     

污泥余热干化技术及其经济性分析

我国污水处理厂每年都会产生大量的污泥,其复杂的成分及高含水率制约污泥的有效利用,如何降低污泥的含水率是其资源化利用的关键。首先调研了污泥产生及成分,从污泥干化的典型工艺及设备、干化过程的环境污染与控制、污泥干化过程的尾气处理和污泥干化经济性分析4个方面对污泥干化技术进行阐述,指出污泥余热干化是污泥实现节能、经济及环保的有效处置方式。     

市政污泥半干化-焚烧一体化对环境影响的评价

随着市政污水处理厂的不断增加,城市污泥大幅增长,污泥半干化-焚烧一体化是污泥无害化、减量化和资源化的有效途径之一,通过计算污泥半干化-焚烧过程中物料平衡和热量平衡,同时对排放物进行分析,从而评价市政污泥处理对生态环境的影响,研究的结果表明:每处理100t湿污泥,需要掺烧4.89t无烟煤,在焚烧的过程中,在没有净化工艺的...     

干化-焚烧联运技术在含油污泥处理中的应用

采用污泥干化焚烧联运技术,处理污水场三泥及装置区清罐底泥,通过对国内同类装置运行现状分析,有针对性地进行了工艺优化。从运行效果来看,各工序点分析数据满足设计要求,污泥处理效果理想,运行安全稳定,烟气排放远优于排放限值,能耗低于设计值,现场异味控制优良。     

市政污泥干化特性研究

以上海市青浦区市政污水厂脱水污泥为原料,这篇文章从工业分析、微观形态、基本成分及热值等方面研究了污泥干化前后的性状差异,为实现污泥的干化焚烧提供基础数据。     

污水处理厂污泥处理环境影响评价分析

对污水处理厂的污泥处理进行严谨的环境影响评价,才能有效降低污水处理厂对环境的影响和破坏,实现可持续发展。本文以我市城市污水处理厂污泥处理情况为例,讨论了污泥处理项目在污水处理厂环境评价工作中应该关注的问题,从工艺比选、选址、堆肥工艺污染物排放和运输过程等四个方面进行分析。     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.     

Simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate by zeolite synthesized from coal fly ash as influenced by acid treatment

Zeolite synthesized from fly ash （ZFA） without modification is not efficient for the purification of NH4＋ and phosphate at low concentrations that occur in real effluents, despite the high potential removal capacity. To develop an effective technique to enhance the removal efficiency of ammonium and phosphate at low concentrations, ZFA was modified with acid treatment and the simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate in a wide range of concentration was investigated. It was seen that when compared with untreated ZFA, only the treatment by 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4 significantly improved the removal efficiency of ammonium at low initial concentrations. The behavior was well explained by the pH effect. Treatment by more concentrated H2SO4 led to the deterioration of the ZFA structure and a decrease in the cation exchange capacity. Treatment by 0.01 mol/L H2SO4 improved the removal efficiency of phosphate by ZFA at all initial P concentrations, while the treatment by concentrated H2SO4 （≥0.9 mol/L） resulted in a limited maximum phosphate immobilization capacity （PIC）. It was concluded that through a previous mild acid treatment （e.g. 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4）, ZFA can be used in the simultaneous removal of NH4＋ and P at low concentrations simulating real effluent.