中国主要红树植物中汞含量特征与沉积物汞形态之间的关系

为了解红树植物对汞的富集能力和影响因素,对我国几种主要的红树植物的汞含量、沉积物总汞含量和形态进行了研究.结果表明,几种主要红树植物的总汞含量范围为817.5～3 197.6 ng/g,具有明显的种间差异和器官差异.秋茄汞含量为(1 579.4±1 326.8)ng/g,桐花树为(2 115.1±1 892.3)ng/g,白骨壤为(2 159.3±1 678.7)ng/g,木榄为(2 566.5±821.6)ng/g,海漆为(2 104.3±1 661.8)ng/g,无瓣海桑为(3 197.6±2 782.8)ng/g,老鼠簕为817.5±632.3 ng/g,红海榄为(1 801.8±1 255.4)ng/g.各种红树植物对汞的吸收能力的顺序为:无瓣海桑木榄白骨壤桐花树海漆红海榄秋茄老鼠簕.我国主要红树林地区表层沉积物的汞形态主要为易挥发态,其次为硫化物及有机结合态或可交换离子态,少量为碳酸盐结合态和铁锰氧化物结合态,残渣态少量甚至没有.只有深圳红树林沉积物中的汞以残渣态为主,其次为硫化物及有机物结合态.无瓣海桑的茎和叶,海漆叶的汞含量与易挥发态汞、可交换态汞具有显著正相关关系,而大多数红树植物的茎汞和叶汞含量与沉积物的总汞含量、不同形态汞之间并没有明显的相关性.红树植物富集的汞来源多样,且这些不同来源的汞在植物体内可能是能够迁移的.     

广东镇海湾红树植物器官中氟喹诺酮类（FQs）抗生素吸收及转运特征研究

红树林高位养殖中抗生素氟喹诺酮类(FQs)有较多残留,但目前关于红树植物对抗生素的吸收及器官转运特征鲜有研究.本研究采用高效液相色谱-质谱联用法定量分析了广东镇海湾的两种优势红树植物桐花(Aegiceras corniculatum)、秋茄(Kandelia candel)根、枝、叶中4种FQs—氧氟沙星(OFL)、诺氟沙星(NOR)、环丙沙星(CIP)、恩诺沙星(ENR)的含量,用植物器官转移因子(PF)的方法评价了4种FQs在植物体内的转移能力,探讨了植物含脂率(LR)对器官中FQs残留的影响.结果表明:两种红树植物器官中均有4种FQs检出;OFL、NOR、ENR的含量在桐花树中为:枝(6.36~12.23μg·kg~(-1))叶(4.05~10.92μg·kg~(-1))和根(5.01~10.47μg·kg~(-1)),秋茄中为:根(6.27~24.70μg·kg~(-1))叶(5.74~10.98μg·kg~(-1))枝(3.63~7.00μg·kg~(-1)),CIP不符合此规律.4种FQs的根向枝/叶转移因子PFTL/R皆为PFTL/R(桐花树)PFTL/R(秋茄)1,说明桐花树、秋茄根部的FQs均可向地上部分大量转移,且桐花树根部向地上部分转运FQs的能力比秋茄强;桐花树对FQs有吸收及转运作用,秋茄的根则对FQs的吸收作用较强.LR的高低不是4种FQs吸收和转运的关键影响因子.     

广西红树林资源与保护

广西的红树林现有面积为8374.9 hm2,分布于北海市、钦州市和防城港市.红树植物有15种,其中真红树植物11种,半红树植物5种,无瓣海桑为人工引种.红树林的建群种主要有白骨壤、桐花树、秋茄、红海榄、木榄、海漆、老鼠筋和银叶树8种,主要群落可划分为8个群系,15个群落类型.红树林是广西的优势海洋资源之一,其动植物资源潜力大,生态景观旅游价值高,同时是良好的生态养殖场所.如何合理利用红树林资源,本文提出了针对性的建议.     

广东镇海湾红树林湿地公园动植物资源现状及其保护建议

广东镇海湾红树林湿地公园是广东省重要的红树林湿地之一。据野外调查:(1)该湿地公园内共有秋茄(Kandelia candel)、桐花树(Aegiceras corniculatum)、白骨壤(Avicennia marina)等真红树植物7种,其中无瓣海桑为国外引进树种;半红树植物有黄槿(Hibiscus tilioceus)、假茉莉(Clerodendrum inerme)等4种;常见的红树林伴生植物有厚藤(Ipomoea pes-caprae)、沟叶结缕草(Zoysia matrella)等;(2)主要红树林植被群落有桐花树群落、秋茄+桐花树群落、白骨壤+秋茄+桐花树群落等;(3)2018年迄今观察记录到鸟类8目21科34种,其中中国红皮书保护鸟类2种,即褐翅鸦鹃(Centropus sinensis)和青脚鹬(Tringa nebularia);(4)为了更好地保护镇海湾的红树林资源和生物多样性,建议今后从依法保护、保护与恢复相结合、先保护后利用等方面予以加强。     

互花米草入侵对胶州湾潮滩湿地硫素时空分布的影响

选择胶州湾互花米草潮滩(入侵前为光滩)和光滩为研究对象,研究了互花米草入侵下胶州湾潮滩湿地土壤总硫(Total sulfur, TS)、有效硫(Available sulfur, AS)及互花米草各器官TS含量的时空分布特征及其影响因素.结果表明,互花米草入侵后湿地0～60 cm土壤TS((1.53±0.24) g·kg~(-1)))和AS((0.75±0.04) g·kg~(-1))的平均含量明显高于入侵前光滩湿地TS((1.13±0.09) g·kg~(-1))和AS((0.53±0.02) g·kg~(-1))的平均含量(n=54,p0.05),增幅分别为35.40%和41.51%.其中,互花米草入侵后湿地30～50 cm土层TS含量和20～60 cm土层AS含量较入侵前的光滩湿地大幅增加(n=9,p0.05).与光滩相比,6、10、12月互花米草潮滩土壤TS含量增幅分别为14.53%、67.86%、22.52%,AS含量增幅分别为48.72%、39.06%、50.98%.逐步线性回归分析结果表明,互花米草入侵后导致土壤EC、有机质的改变是影响其土壤AS含量分布的关键因素.互花米草TS含量均值为(2.73±0.39) g·kg~(-1),6月植物TS含量与10月、12月植物TS含量之间均存在显著性差异(n=9,p0.05),硫(S)累积量最高值出现在10月,同种器官内6月根、茎、叶的硫累积系数(Accumulation Factor of sulfur, AF_S)均高于10月、12月.研究表明,互花米草入侵总体增加了土壤硫库储量,提高了湿地土壤AS的供给能力,但增加了其时空变异性,AS在不同季节差异较大.     

香港汀角红树植物、沉积物及双壳类动物重金属含量

汀角有香港面积最大的硬底质红树林,作者调查了该红树林区沉积物、红树植物以及双壳类动物体内重金属(Cu、Pb、Zn和Ni)的含量.总体看,沉积物中重金属含量与其他地点相比较低,红树植物根际沉积物中重金属含量高于光滩.红树植物组织内重金属含量较低,体内Pb、Zn的含量均低于根际沉积物,但对Cu、Ni有一定的富集,Cu可在根部和叶内富集,而Ni只在根部富集,并束缚于此.双壳类动物对4种重金属的吸收存在较大差异,Zn、Cu的富集明显高于Pb和Ni的富集程度.5种动物中又以岩蠔最高,体内的Zn、Cu分别达到3913, 378mg/g.从重金属含量看,作为食用动物有一定的风险.     

东寨港红树林湿地沉积物和秋茄中重金属的富集特征

以海南岛东寨港红树林湿地沉积物和红树植物秋茄为研究对象,分析了重金属元素(Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb、Zn和As)在红树林湿地沉积物和秋茄(根、茎和叶)组织内的含量和分布特征。结果表明:与世界其他红树林湿地相比,重金属含量在东寨港红树林湿地沉积物和秋茄中均处于较低水平;7种目标重金属元素(除Ni外)在红树林湿地沉积物中的含量均低于生物影响效应中位值(ERM),并未达到对红树林生态系统有害的程度,但受人类活动影响,沉积物中Cd、As等在部分样点污染指数(PI)达到了高污染水平等级;红树植物秋茄体内的重金属与周围沉积物中重金属浓度关系密切;基于重金属生物富集系数(BCF)和转运系数(TF),大部分重金属的计算值是偏低的(<1),这说明秋茄并非一种高效的重金属富集植物。总之,东寨港红树林湿地受人类活动影响有限,重金属污染程度较低,这与海南岛以农业和旅游业为主,工业污染相对较弱有关。     

红树林湿地植物中Pd的累积特征

铂族元素(PGEs)中的钯(Pd)作为汽车尾气催化转换器(VECs)的催化剂被广泛应用,Pd在世界各国环境中的含量水平迅速增长,并进入食物链,其潜在威胁日益增大。本文以海南省东寨港红树林湿地为研究区,采集红树植物和沉积物样品,利用微波消解、ICP-MS测定其中的Pd。研究表明,在水平维度上,红树植物叶Pd的含量沿河口到外海方向呈现出递减趋势,说明了Pd的陆源性输入;沿光滩到林内方向,呈现出林内光滩林缘的特点。在垂直维度上,红树植物叶Pd的含量呈底部向顶部递减。相对于茎,红树植物叶Pd的含量明显偏低,说明红树植物主要通过根部从沉积物中吸收Pd并累积。对于不同年龄阶段的红树植物,茎Pd的含量为成熟幼龄老龄,叶Pd的含量为老龄成熟幼龄。红树植物叶Pd的含量季节变化明显,干季高于湿季。相对于国内外植物,东寨港红树植物Pd的含量属较低水平。本研究有助于阐明红树林湿地植物Pd的累积特征,同时对于红树林湿地的环境保护具有重要的科学意义。     

水翁(Cleistocalyx operculatus)在人工湿地的生长特性及对污染物的去除效果

研究了水翁在人工湿地的生长特性及其对污水的净化效果.结果表明:生长在人工湿地的水翁具有发达的侧根系,能保持正常的净光合速率((19.2±2.1)μmol/(m2·s))、蒸腾速率((23.5±2.3)mmol/(m2·s))、气孔传导率((657.5±53)mmol/(m2·s))、根系活力((20.9±3.2)μg/(g·min))和生长速率((9.9±0.5)mg/(g·d)).水翁人工湿地对TN,TP,C0D_cr和BOD₅的去除率分别为55.6%,44.2%,75.7%和73.2%.其中水翁对N,P的吸收量分别占人工湿地对N,P去除量的16.4%和12.6%.水翁为常绿乔木,可考虑与灌木和草本植物结合起来,建立乔、灌、草自然湿地系统,达到改善水质的目的.      

人工污水释放对白骨壤模拟湿地系统土壤理化性质的影响

在温室中建立红树林植物白骨壤模拟湿地系统，分别用正常(NW)、5倍(FW)和10倍(TW)浓度的人工配置的污水每周定时定量对模拟系统污灌2次，用海水作对照(CL)，持续1a。研究污灌对模拟湿地系统土壤理化性质的影响。结果表明：经过1a的污水处理，白骨壤模拟湿地系统的土壤理化性质未发生显著改变，种植其上的白骨壤植物能维持正常生长。     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.     

Simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate by zeolite synthesized from coal fly ash as influenced by acid treatment

Zeolite synthesized from fly ash （ZFA） without modification is not efficient for the purification of NH4＋ and phosphate at low concentrations that occur in real effluents, despite the high potential removal capacity. To develop an effective technique to enhance the removal efficiency of ammonium and phosphate at low concentrations, ZFA was modified with acid treatment and the simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate in a wide range of concentration was investigated. It was seen that when compared with untreated ZFA, only the treatment by 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4 significantly improved the removal efficiency of ammonium at low initial concentrations. The behavior was well explained by the pH effect. Treatment by more concentrated H2SO4 led to the deterioration of the ZFA structure and a decrease in the cation exchange capacity. Treatment by 0.01 mol/L H2SO4 improved the removal efficiency of phosphate by ZFA at all initial P concentrations, while the treatment by concentrated H2SO4 （≥0.9 mol/L） resulted in a limited maximum phosphate immobilization capacity （PIC）. It was concluded that through a previous mild acid treatment （e.g. 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4）, ZFA can be used in the simultaneous removal of NH4＋ and P at low concentrations simulating real effluent.