厌氧-缺氧-好氧处理城市废水

用厌氧－缺氧－好氧中试反应器系统对城市废水进行处理。结果表明,此系统可去除９０％总ＣＯＤ,８９％ＴＳＳ,９３％ＶＳＳ,氮和磷的去除率分别为８０％和４０％。在此系统的缺氧相污泥中,脱氮硫杆菌的最高含量,最高脱氮作用率,氧化Ｎａ２Ｓ的最高浓度,Ｓ＾２－的最高污泥负荷率分别为１．１×１０＾８／ｇＶＳＳ,３．６ｍｇＮＯ３＾－／ｇＶＳＳ·ｈ,１７５０ｍｇ／Ｌ和２５ｍｇＳ＾２／ｇＶＳＳ·ｄ。     

缺氧－好氧生物膜法脱氮技术的研究

为了防止氮污染对水体造成的危害,我国对氨氮排放实行严格的控制。采用缺氧－好氧淹没式生物膜脱氮方法研究其处理效果与工艺参数,并着重研究氮负荷和碳源对硝化、反硝化的影响;微生物在膜上的分布特性及其对底质变化的影响。研究结果表明：缺氧段（A段）停留时间为7.3h,好氧段（0段）为15.7h好氧段容积负荷：COD0.36kg/m³·d,NH₃－N0.35kg/m³·d;缺氧段硝态氮负荷0.65kg/m³·d,COD负荷1.7kg/m³·d。这一水处理技术工艺稳定,NH₃－N与NO_x－N的去除率均在90％以上,而且生物活性强,分布较均匀,是目前控制氮污染的有效方法。     

亚硝酸盐型同步脱氮除硫工艺单质硫产率及特性

采用SBR同步脱氮除硫反应器,设置了化学对照组（灭菌,不添加污泥）和生物试验组（添加污泥）,以期研究亚硝酸盐型同步脱氮除硫工艺中S⁰的产率以及特性.发现化学对照组中NO₂^--N和S^2--S的去除率最高可分别达到25.07%和62.26%,其主要产物为NH₄⁺-N和S₂SO₃^2--S,并无S⁰生成.而在生物试验组中,NO₂^--N和S^2--S的去除率可分别高达100%和99.94%,在适宜浓度范围内（60~180mg/L）,出水主要产物为S⁰-S和N₂.当进水S^2--S为180mg/L时,S⁰-S产率可高达79.58%.所产生的S⁰以斜方硫（S₈）形式存在,表面带负电荷,粒径呈正态分布.     

升流式污泥床对无机废水中氮硫转化及相互影响

采用无机含氨和硫酸盐(SO₄^2-)废水作为升流式污泥床(USB)反应器进水,研究了其对铵(NH₄⁺)和SO₄^2-的去除以及不同高度污泥层含氮、硫元素的转化途径.结果表明在反应器进水口处由于进水自含氧(外源性氧)和兼性厌氧菌受到氧化应激产生过氧化氢(内源性氧),两种“氧”共同存在下,反应器内生物脱氨量(以氮计)最高达40mg/L左右,且在USB反应器不同高度污泥层含氮化合物和含硫化合物的转化途径不同.在反应器底部污泥层,颗粒污泥表面氨氧化菌利用O₂将氨(NH₄⁺)氧化成亚硝酸盐(NO₂^-),在颗粒污泥内部厌氧氨氧化菌利用NH₄⁺和NO₂^-生成氮气(N₂)和硝酸盐(NO₃^-);同时,O₂的存在使得反应器底部污泥层部分厌氧颗粒污泥裂解,产生少量有机物,在颗粒污泥内部硫酸盐还原菌利用有机物将SO₄^2-还原生成硫离子(S^2-);硫自养反硝化菌利用NO₂^-/ NO₃^-将S^2-重新氧化为SO₄^2-.在反应器上部污泥层,由于只有少量内源性氧的存在,硫自养反硝化菌只能利用少量NO₂^-/ NO₃^-将S^2-氧化为硫单质(S₀);在USB反应器底部污泥层实现NH₄⁺的去除和SO₄^2-的循环,在上部污泥层实现了SO₄^2-的去除.     

其他

X799.3 9502514厌氧一缺氧一好氧处理城市废水系统缺氧相中的脱氮硫杆菌/杨秀山(首都师范大学生物系).二//中国环境科学/中国环境科学学会一1994,14(6)一429~433环信X一58 利用厌氧一缺氧一好氧处理城市废水的中试规模系统,对其缺氧相中的脱氮硫杆菌进行了研究。结果表明,脱氮硫杆菌的最高脱氮作用率、氧化NaZs的最高浓度、52一的最高污泥负荷率和污泥中脱氮硫杆菌的最高含量(MPN)分别为3.6mg一NO:一/gVSS·h、1 75Omg/L、25mg一52-/gvss·d和2.1只10日/g、55。脱氮硫杆菌在氧化二价硫成硫酸并还原硝酸为氮气的过程中起着相当有意义的…     

信号分子联合脱氮硫杆菌对同步脱氮除硫的影响

为探究信号分子联合菌对同步脱氮除硫效果的影响,发现同时投加信号分子和脱氮硫杆菌可以加快硫化物和硝酸盐氮的去除且相比单独投加时更有利于单质硫的稳定积累和氮气产量的增加,并通过FISH技术检测了反应结束后微生物总量,信号联合脱氮硫杆菌可以增加微生物总数,因此能够实现较好地脱氮除硫效果.实验从不同信号分子浓度中找出了有利于单质硫稳定积累的最佳浓度,进而在此浓度下分析了单独投加信号分子、单独投加脱氮硫杆菌,以及同时投加信号分子和脱氮硫杆菌3种情况下的脱氮除硫效果.结果表明,当硫化物浓度为200 mg·L-1时,延长反应时间至72 h后,信号分子联合脱氮硫杆菌使硫化物的去除率提高至99. 8%,硝酸盐去除率提高至96. 9%,且单质硫转化为硫酸盐的速率减慢,氮气的产量增加,反应结束后其单质硫和氮气的量分别达到59. 0 mg和80. 0 m L.当硫化物浓度为300 mg·L-1时,单独投加2. 5μmol·L-1的信号分子在72 h时其硫化物和去除率达到99. 0%,硝酸盐的去除达到93. 9%,单质硫和氮气的产量分别达到63. 1 mg和79. 5 m L.     

一体化全程自养脱氮(CANON)工艺的效能及污泥特性

在氨氮浓度梯度升高的条件下,通过控制DO等方式在一体化CSTR反应器中实现了一体化全程自养脱氮(CANON—completely autotrophic nitrogen removal over nitrite).结果表明随进水氨氮浓度(76.05~583.93mg/L)的升高,系统的氨氮和总氮去除负荷逐渐提高,试验期间无亚硝态氮的积累,反应器后期在高氨氮进水下最高氨氮去除率84.4%,最高去除负荷0.42kg/(m3·d);最高总氮去除率72.0%,最高去除负荷0.35kg/(m3·d).污泥氧消耗速率实验得出好氧氨氧化菌的耗氧速率为169.46 mgO2/(gVSS·h)、硝酸化细菌的好氧速率为39.63 mgO2/(gVSS·h).采用总氮去除量和硝态氮产生量的比值(△TN /△NO3-)表征硝酸化反应对出水氨氮浓度的影响.试验进一步研究了反应器内污泥形态的变化,得出第102d的污泥粒径(86.36μm)比第30d(54.09μm)增加60%,污泥的SEM分析得出实验后期相对于前期污泥表面丝状菌减少,胞外聚合物增多.以上结果表明该反应器具备良好的造粒功能,有利于自养脱氮工艺的启动与稳定.     

一体化全程自养脱氮(CANON)工艺的效能及污泥特性

在氨氮浓度梯度升高的条件下,通过控制DO等方式在一体化CSTR反应器中实现了一体化全程自养脱氮(CANON—completely autotrophic nitrogen removal over nitrite).结果表明随进水氨氮浓度(76.05~583.93mg/L)的升高,系统的氨氮和总氮去除负荷逐渐提高,试验期间无亚硝态氮的积累,反应器后期在高氨氮进水下最高氨氮去除率84.4%,最高去除负荷0.42kg/(m3·d);最高总氮去除率72.0%,最高去除负荷0.35kg/(m3·d).污泥氧消耗速率实验得出好氧氨氧化菌的耗氧速率为169.46 mgO2/(gVSS·h)、硝酸化细菌的好氧速率为39.63 mgO2/(gVSS·h).采用总氮去除量和硝态氮产生量的比值(△TN/△NO3-)表征硝酸化反应对出水氨氮浓度的影响.试验进一步研究了反应器内污泥形态的变化,得出第102d的污泥粒径(86.36μm)比第30d(54.09μm)增加60%,污泥的SEM分析得出实验后期相对于前期污泥表面丝状菌减少,胞外聚合物增多.以上结果表明该反应器具备良好的造粒功能,有利于自养脱氮工艺的启动与稳定.     

厌氧流化床反应器处理含硫废水毒性的实验

采用多孔聚合物载体固定化微生物在厌氧流化床（AFB）反应器中处理含硫废水,研究反应器抗硫化物（S^2－）毒性抑制和抗硫酸盐毒性抑制的能力;探索解除 S^2－毒性的方法．研究表明,当进料基质 COD浓度为 5000mg/L,HRT为5.2－5.4h,S^2－＜200mg/L时,反应器去除 COD效果不受影响,S^2－350mg/L时,厌氧消化受到明显抑制,反应器可容忍530mg/L S^2－浓度而未造成消化系统的破坏;SO₄^2－浓度高达3521mg/L,COD去除率仍可达77％－80％,但SO₄^2－去除率明显下降;当COD/SO₄^2－的比值大于1.45时,硫酸盐还原菌和产甲烷菌的生长未受到明显抑制,此时容积负荷为22－24kgCOD/（m³>·d）,COD去除率为80％,SO₄^2－去除率为58.8％;向反应器投加适量FeCl₂可很好地解除S^2－的抑制．     

硫自养反硝化饮用水脱氮：悬浮填料与硫源作用效果评估

针对饮用水硝酸盐污染和固定床硫自养反硝化脱氮负荷低等问题,开展流化床型硫自养反硝化脱氮研究,探究聚乙烯醇-海藻酸钠-活性炭悬浮填料对硫自养反硝化的影响,并对比了不同硫源(升华硫、硫代硫酸钠和生物硫)对反硝化效果的影响.结果表明,悬浮填料可显著提升反硝化脱氮效果,升华硫与硫代硫酸钠效果优于生物硫.在最佳条件下,TN去除率可稳定保持在98.49%,TN脱氮负荷达2.84 g·L^-1·d^-1.机理分析表明,悬浮填料中海藻酸钠可作为异养反硝化的有机碳源,实现自养与异养反硝化相结合,减少了副产物NO₂^-和SO₄^2-的生成,并提供碱度,保持体系pH的稳定.加入悬浮填料后,反硝化微生物生长得到促进,优势菌属为Thauera(兼性自养反硝化菌)和Brachymonas(异养反硝化菌).     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.     

Simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate by zeolite synthesized from coal fly ash as influenced by acid treatment

Zeolite synthesized from fly ash （ZFA） without modification is not efficient for the purification of NH4＋ and phosphate at low concentrations that occur in real effluents, despite the high potential removal capacity. To develop an effective technique to enhance the removal efficiency of ammonium and phosphate at low concentrations, ZFA was modified with acid treatment and the simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate in a wide range of concentration was investigated. It was seen that when compared with untreated ZFA, only the treatment by 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4 significantly improved the removal efficiency of ammonium at low initial concentrations. The behavior was well explained by the pH effect. Treatment by more concentrated H2SO4 led to the deterioration of the ZFA structure and a decrease in the cation exchange capacity. Treatment by 0.01 mol/L H2SO4 improved the removal efficiency of phosphate by ZFA at all initial P concentrations, while the treatment by concentrated H2SO4 （≥0.9 mol/L） resulted in a limited maximum phosphate immobilization capacity （PIC）. It was concluded that through a previous mild acid treatment （e.g. 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4）, ZFA can be used in the simultaneous removal of NH4＋ and P at low concentrations simulating real effluent.