O3/H2O2降解水中扑灭通效能研究

利用拟一级降解速率常数表征O3/H2O2对扑灭通(Prometon)的氧化效能,探讨了n(H2O2)/n(O3)、pH值、水质和碳酸氢根离子对去除的影响,对有机氧化产物进行了气相和液相质谱分析,以离子色谱法测定了反应过程中产生的NO3-,在此基础上对扑灭通降解途径进行了研究.结果表明,扑灭通初始浓度2 mg.L-1,反应温度25℃,O3投量13 mg.L-1时,最佳反应条件为n(H2O2)/n(O3)=0.7,体系pH为7～8;扑灭通在自来水中的去除效果好于纯水;HCO3-浓度>50 mg.L-1时,对扑灭通的氧化有明显的抑制作用.液质和气质的分析结果表明扑灭通并未开环,氧化过程中扑灭通三嗪环支链上的2个异丙基首先被氧化脱去,离子色谱检测到的NO3-是三嗪环支链胺基氧化的产物.     

UV/O_3对亚硝基二甲胺降解产物的控制研究

对CUV/O3和UV/H2O2 2种高级氧化工艺降解水中亚硝基二甲胺(NDMA)和控制二甲胺(DMA)生成的能力进行了比较研究.结果表明,UV/H202能够有效降解NDMA,但不能控制NDMA降解产物DMA的生成;UV/O3高级氧化技术不仅能够有效地去除NDMA,同时对DMA的生成量也有很好的控制作用.进一步考察了不同臭氧浓度、溶液pH值以及NDMA初始浓度对UV/O3工艺控制DMA生成量的影响.结果表明,臭氧浓度对UV/O3控制DMA的生成有一定的影响,DMA的生成量随着臭氧浓度的增大而减小,臭氧浓度为6.64 mg·L-1时,降解7.7 mg·L-1 NDMA生成DMA的量为O.98 mg·L-1.溶液pH值对UV/03控制DMA的影响较大,酸性和中性pH条件下,DMA的生成量随着pH的增大略有增加;碱性pH条件下,DMA的生成量明显减小,pH;11.0时降解初始浓度为7.7 mg·L-1的NDMA,DMA的生成量仅为0.3 mg·L-1.NDMA的初始浓度对UV/03控制DMA的生成也有影响,NDMA初始浓度较小时,UV/O3对DMA生成的控制更为明显.     

O3/H2O2法降解甲基叔丁基醚（MTBE）的试验研究

采用自制鼓泡反应器对臭氧/双氧水(O3/H2O2)降解水中甲基叔丁基醚(MTBE)进行了试验研究,考察了进气(含O3)流量、H2O2 投加量、MTBE初始浓度、pH、温度等因素对MTBE降解的影响.结果表明,在MTBE初始浓度为10 mg·L-1,气体流量为0.5 L·min-1,温度293K, pH=6.5, H2O2 添加量为2.4mg·L1 条件下,反应30 min后, MTBE去除率可达75.5%, COD去除率为68.0%.降解得到的中间产物主要有叔丁基甲酯(TBF)、叔丁醇(TBA)、乙酸甲酯(MA)和丙酮(AC)等,据此探讨了O3/H2O2氧化MTBE的可能反应机理和降解途径.     

Photo-Fenton法降解水中新型污染物双氯芬酸及降解产物的毒性评价

研究了photo-Fenton反应对非甾体抗炎药双氯芬酸的降解和矿化.同时,探讨了H2O2、Fe2+初始浓度、pH值等因素对photo-Fenton反应的影响,确定了最佳操作条件,并进行了各种氧化法的比较.结果表明,对于UV/H2O2/Fe2+反应系统下双氯芬酸的降解,其降解速率受到反应条件的强烈影响.双氯芬酸初始浓度为20mg·L-1时,适宜操作条件是pH值为5,初始FeSO4浓度为5mg·L-1,初始H2O2浓度为200mg·L-1.在最佳条件下,各种氧化法的降解能力趋势为UV/Fenton>UV/H2O2>Fenton>UV.由于反应中有中间产物的生成,双氯芬酸的矿化过程要长于降解过程,其生物毒性也是随着反应的进行先增大而后减小.     

对苯二酚强化多相类-Fenton过程降解活性艳红MX-5B的效能与机理

用碱沉淀法制备的硅羟基氧化铁(Si-FeOOH)作多相类-Fenton反应的催化剂,探讨了室温条件下投加还原剂对苯二酚(HQ)对其催化H2O2降解活性艳红MX-5B的影响,同时考察了pH、H2O2浓度、催化剂Si-FeOOH投量及活性艳红浓度对活性艳红MX-5B脱色率的影响,并从溶铁量方面初步探讨了Si-FeOOH/H2O2/HQ体系降解活性艳红MX-5B的机理.结果表明,对苯二酚强化以Si-FeOOH为催化剂的多相类-Fenton反应降解活性艳红的效果显著.在pH=3,活性艳红初始浓度为10mg·L-1,对苯二酚浓度为0.55mg·L-1,Si-FeOOH投量为100mg·L-1,H2O2浓度为51mg·L-1的反应条件下,活性艳红MX-5B的脱色率达94.69%.研究还发现,活性艳红脱色率与反应体系里的铁离子浓度关系密切,表明多相类-Fenton反应中除了催化剂表面吸附催化作用外,也可能存在类似均相类-Fenton的溶液催化作用.     

酸性条件下Ti（Ⅳ）催化O3/H2O2降解邻苯二甲酸二甲酯

研究了酸性条件下O3、O3/H2O2、Ti(Ⅳ)/O3和Ti(Ⅳ)/O3/H2O2氧化邻苯二甲酸二甲酯(DMP)的效能.结果表明,在初始pH为2.8条件下,Ti(Ⅳ)/O3/H2O2体系对DMP的降解效率,矿化程度和臭氧的利用率都明显优于其他3种氧化体系.相同条件下O3、O3/H2O2、Ti(Ⅳ)/O3和Ti(Ⅳ)/O3/H2O2降解DMP的一级表观速率常数分别为3.96×10-4s-1、9.54×10-4s-1、1.07×10-3s-1和6.41×10-3s-1.与单独臭氧化相比,Ti(Ⅳ)/O3/H2O2体系臭氧的利用率约可提升6.51%.优化实验表明,本实验条件下Ti(Ⅳ)的最佳浓度为1.4 mg·L-1,H2O2最佳投加量为10 mg·L-1.结合气质联用(GC/MS)与离子色谱(IC)的分析结果,对Ti(Ⅳ)/O3/H2O2降解DMP的可能反应途径进行了初步的解析.     

碳纳米管负载纳米四氧化三铁多相类芬顿降解亚甲基蓝

在课题组前期研究的基础上,以碳纳米管(MWCNTs)为载体制备了Fe3O4/MWCNTs复合物并作为催化剂,以染料亚甲基蓝(MB)为降解对象,研究了该催化剂催化H2O2对亚甲基蓝溶液的降解特性及其影响因素,并考察了催化剂的重复使用效果,探讨了催化反应的机理.结果表明,在pH值3~8的范围内,催化反应体系都能有效降解MB,最佳pH值为3.5.随着催化剂投量的增加,MB的降解率明显提高,500 mg·L-1催化剂投量条件下,MB的降解率最高.随着H2O2初始浓度的增加,MB的降解率增加,10 mmol·L-1时MB的降解率最高.溶液中共存的阴离子会降低MB的降解率.在最佳条件,即温度25℃、H2O2浓度10 mmol·L-1、催化剂浓度500 mg·L-1的条件下,0.20 mmol·L-1MB在30 min内的降解率达到99.1%.催化剂重复使用后仍然具有较好的催化活性,说明Fe3O4在MWCNTs表面负载比较牢固,催化剂具有反复使用的能力.催化反应机理是催化剂催化H2O2产生羟基自由基,高活性的羟基自由基氧化MB.     

纳米TiO2光催化氧化酸性嫩黄研究

采用纳米TiO2光催化降解酸性嫩黄.当进水中嫩黄质量浓度为20 mg·L-1时,通过速率常数的比较得出反应的最佳条件为:TiO2的投加质量浓度为600 mg·L-1,pH值为3.56.当向UV/TiO2体系中投加H2O2对,UV/TiO2体系与H2O2具有协同作用.向溶液中充氧也能提高酸性嫩黄的光催化降解速率,但效果不如投加H2O2明显.     

日光辐照草酸铁盐体系降解水中低浓度混合药物及产物的生物毒性评价

在太阳光辐照下以三草酸合铁酸钾为催化剂,分解H2O2产生·OH,对水中的甲硝唑、双氯芬酸钠、磺胺甲基异唑和布洛芬4种常见的痕量药物污染物间歇降解与矿化,并且对降解前后水溶液的毒性进行了评价.以体系的总有机碳为指标,探讨了H2O2的初始浓度、三草酸合铁酸钾的投加量、体系的pH值等因素对水溶液中TOC去除率的影响,确定了最佳操作条件,根据4种药物的化学结构解释了它们在水中的降解速度.以药物水溶液对小球藻的EC50值为指标,对4种药物的联合毒性,以及降解中间产物的生物毒性做出了评价.结果表明,当4种药物的初始浓度都为20mg·L-1时,降解过程适宜条件是pH值为3,H2O2的初始浓度为300mg·L-1,三草酸合铁酸钾的投加量为75mg·L-1.4种药物的降解速度为:甲硝唑布洛芬磺胺甲基异唑双氯芬酸钠.随着中间产物的生成与降解,药物水溶液的生物毒性有先增大后迅速减小的趋势.最后给出了Solar/FeOx/H2O2体系降解水中低浓度药物的表达式.     

O_3/Mn_2O_3对钻井废水多相催化臭氧化试验研究

通过静态试验,探讨了Mn2O3催化剂对钻井废水催化臭氧化处理效果.分别考察了催化剂加量、pH值、反应时间、反应温度和强化剂对钻井废水COD去除率的影响,通过正交试验得到了最佳工艺条件,对钻井废水氧化过程中的产物进行了分析,并探讨了Mn2O3催化剂的稳定性能.结果表明:Mn2O3加量从25 mg·L-1增加到50 mg·L-1时,COD去除率由43.6%增加到54.3%;pH分别为5、11时,COD去除率分别为45.4%和64.3%;反应温度为20℃时,COD去除率最高达到59.1%;随着反应时间的延长,COD去除率也随之增加,反应时间为40 min时,COD去除率达到85.3%;由正交试验得知影响因素的主次关系为催化剂加量反应pH反应温度反应时间,最佳处理工艺条件为催化剂加量50mg·L-1、pH值11,反应温度25℃、反应时间35 min;在25 min时,Ca2+的引入使COD去除率增大了7.1%;钻井废水中的有机物得到降解和矿化;Mn2O3催化剂重复使用10次后,对钻井废水COD降解率影响不大,锰离子的溶出量在反应15 min后稳定在3 mg·L-1,Mn2O3催化剂稳定性能较好.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.     

Simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate by zeolite synthesized from coal fly ash as influenced by acid treatment

Zeolite synthesized from fly ash （ZFA） without modification is not efficient for the purification of NH4＋ and phosphate at low concentrations that occur in real effluents, despite the high potential removal capacity. To develop an effective technique to enhance the removal efficiency of ammonium and phosphate at low concentrations, ZFA was modified with acid treatment and the simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate in a wide range of concentration was investigated. It was seen that when compared with untreated ZFA, only the treatment by 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4 significantly improved the removal efficiency of ammonium at low initial concentrations. The behavior was well explained by the pH effect. Treatment by more concentrated H2SO4 led to the deterioration of the ZFA structure and a decrease in the cation exchange capacity. Treatment by 0.01 mol/L H2SO4 improved the removal efficiency of phosphate by ZFA at all initial P concentrations, while the treatment by concentrated H2SO4 （≥0.9 mol/L） resulted in a limited maximum phosphate immobilization capacity （PIC）. It was concluded that through a previous mild acid treatment （e.g. 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4）, ZFA can be used in the simultaneous removal of NH4＋ and P at low concentrations simulating real effluent.