低温短时水热预处理混合及初沉污泥的高温厌氧消化特性研究

以低温短时(90℃、30 min)水热预处理后的混合及初沉污泥为研究对象,分别进行了高温((55±1)℃)厌氧消化连续性试验.研究了该预处理条件下这两类污泥在水力停留时间(HRT)为20 d时的产气量、有机物分解率及物料平衡等,探讨了低温短时水热预处理对提高污泥厌氧消化性能的效果.结果表明:TS约为35 g·L-1的预处理混合污泥与初沉污泥经高温厌氧消化后,投加单位VS的产气量分别为(343.00±9.86)m L·g-1和(365.00±7.61)m L·g-1,VS去除率分别为38.9%和45.8%.COD物料平衡计算结果表明,混合和初沉污泥中分别有33.6%和43.9%的固体有机物被分解转化,生物气中CH4含量均在70%左右.     

常温厌氧污泥消化的停留时间分析

通过对25℃下城市污泥常温厌氧消化过程的产气率、pH值、挥发酸、有机物分解率、消化速度常数等的测定,引入“微生物污泥（ActiveBiologicalSolids）”概念,进行了常温厌氧消化过程的动力学分析。结果表明,常温消化的反应速度、产气率、有机物分解率均明显低于高、中温消化。为获得同一程度的产气率和有机物分解率,常温消化需150天以上的停留时间,而中、高温则为12～30天。常温污泥消化的基质浓度与消化速度关系不同于合成基质,呈S型,可采用Moser模型模拟其动力学过程;n＝2时所得各项动力学常数及最小消化时间可用于常温厌氧消化过程的控制。     

白龙港污水处理厂污泥厌氧消化启动试验研究

分析了上海白龙港污水处理厂的化学污泥和剩余污泥的性质,在此基础上分别研究了以化学污泥、剩余污泥、化学污泥和剩余污泥组成的混合污泥为接种污泥,对比研究了三种污泥的厌氧消化启动,结果表明,从产气量和有机物降解率分析,三种污泥作为厌氧消化的种泥都是可行的,启动优先顺序为化学污泥>混合污泥>剩余污泥,但考虑到化学污泥进行厌氧消化后出泥脱水性能差,建议采用化学污泥和剩余污泥的混合污泥进行启动。     

不同污泥含固率的高温微好氧-中温厌氧消化工艺研究

为探讨城市污泥高温微好氧-厌氧两级消化耦合工艺(TAD-MAD)中CH_4产气情况,考察了不同污泥含固率条件下TADMAD工艺中的p H、总碱度、VSS去除率、挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)和沼气产量以及沼气中CH_4含量,并与中温厌氧消化工艺(MAD)进行对比。试验结果表明,在未调节污泥初始p H的条件下,在消化过程中污泥p H能维持在6.5~7.8之间,适宜甲烷菌生长。TAD-MAD工艺中高温微好氧消化2 d,VFA含量大幅度增加,最高为8 524.70 mg/L,有利于后续中温厌氧消化产甲烷。TAD-MAD工艺系统中累积单位VSS甲烷产气量和CH_4含量均高于MAD工艺。TAD-MAD工艺最佳进泥TSS为7.12%,污泥经过24 d的消化,VSS去除率能达到40%,而MAD的VSS去除率仅为35.12%。TAD-MAD工艺累积单位VSS甲烷产气量为116.56 m L/g VSS,超过MAD的85.72 m L/g VSS。且TAD-MAD工艺产甲烷持续时间较MAD工艺长,CH_4含量总体高于MAD工艺,表明TAD-MAD工艺在VSS去除、甲烷产气量和甲烷含量方面均优于MAD工艺。     

高温和中温ASBR处理热水解污泥的对比

进行了高温、中温厌氧序批式反应器(ASBR)处理热水解污泥的对比试验研究.在HRT＝10d,总COD(TCOD)容积负荷为5.42 kg/(m³·d) 的条件下,高温、中温ASBR的TCOD去除率分别为56.20%、61.66%,污泥COD的产气率(CH₄)分别为199、219 mL/g.ASBR能有效积累污泥悬浮固体从而保持较高的固体停留时间(SRT),高温、中温ASBR的平均SRT分别为30、37d.同中温ASBR比较,高温ASBR的微生物形态单一、种类少和产甲烷活性较低,因此高温ASBR的处理效率和产气率较中温低.     

“热水解-高温厌氧消化”工艺处理高含固率剩余污泥的中试研究

采取热水解(70℃)-高温厌氧消化工艺处理高固含率(8%~9%)的剩余污泥(中试).该工艺利用SRT为3 d的热水解促进细胞溶解以及高温厌氧消化加快污泥消化速率,有机物去除能力较强,并获得了较好的污泥稳定化效果.当厌氧消化的SRT在20 d以上时,总VSS去除率达到42.22%以上,且VSS去除率与厌氧消化的SRT呈线性正相关,相关系数达到0.915 3.在实际应用中,推荐高温厌氧消化的SRT为25 d.当停留时间接近时,本工艺与运行良好的传统污泥厌氧消化工程(含固率3%~5%)以及采用德国技术的高固消化工程的有机物去除率和甲烷产率相当.     

餐厨垃圾渗滤液强化城市污泥消化作用研究

针对城市污水厂污泥热值低、C/N比低,厌氧消化效率低的问题,结合餐厨垃圾渗滤液中有机物含量高、C/N比高的特点,研究了城市污泥、餐厨垃圾渗滤液共消化过程.结果表明:垃圾渗滤液的添加促进了污泥厌氧消化甲烷气的产生,添加生、熟垃圾渗滤液的消化污泥累计产甲烷量分别为542 mL、2102 mL,是未添加渗滤液(参照样)的污泥消化产气量的1.2倍、4.6倍,甲烷单位产量分别为261(参照样)、675.8、971.0L·kg-1(以VS计);同污泥单独厌氧消化相比,添加生、熟垃圾渗滤液能强化污泥VS/TS的去除,其去除率分别为15.3%和26.3%;通过共消化,污泥上清液的SCOD去除率均高于90%,出水COD也基本一致,并未因垃圾渗滤液的添加而发生大的波动.污泥与餐厨垃圾渗滤液的共消化能够促进有机物的去除,强化甲烷气的产生,实现了污泥与渗滤液的稳定化、无害化和资源化.     

温和热处理对低有机质污泥厌氧消化性能的影响

以高浓度低有机质污泥为研究对象,通过改变加热时间研究100℃温和热处理对其有机物溶出以及厌氧消化性能影响.结果表明通过100℃的温和热处理,污泥上清液中的有机物浓度在预处理前30 min内显著增加,30 min以后则趋于平缓.其中SCOD、蛋白质和碳水化合物在100℃热处理30 min时的溶出率分别达到10.5%、11.6%和8.2%.温和热处理不仅可以提高低有机质污泥的产气总量,而且还可以缩短产气高峰的到达时间.经100℃热处理30 min的污泥,在厌氧消化10 d时的沼气产率(以VS计)为136.0 mL·g-1,比空白对照组提高了86.0%;厌氧消化30 d后的VS降解率也由空白时的19.1%增加到33.3%.此外,实验结果还表明,100℃的温和热水解处理对厌氧消化过程中的4种关键酶(蛋白酶、乙酸激酶、磷酸转乙酰酶和辅酶F420)均有不同程度的促进作用.     

不同TS浓度下污水厂剩余污泥和生活垃圾混合厌氧消化特性研究

以污水厂剩余污泥和生活垃圾混合物料为研究对象,通过试验研究了TS浓度分别为1％、3％、6％和10％的混合物料的厌氧消化特性.结果表明:混合物料的TS浓度对厌氧消化过程中的产气量、气体中甲烷体积百分含量、物料COD去除率、厌氧消化液pH值和VFAs浓度均有一定影响;TS浓度偏高或偏低均不利于厌氧消化产气,过高的TS浓度还会导致厌氧消化液VFAs浓度积累过高和pH值下降;当混合物料TS浓度为3％时,厌氧消化效果最好,最高日产气量达537 mL,厌氧消化反应结束时累计产气量达7 905 mL,产气中甲烷体积百分含量最高值达到69.1％,至反应终期物料的COD去除率达49.68％,厌氧消化液pH值维持在6.8～7.5,没有出现因VFAs积累而产生的酸抑制现象.     

厌氧消化污泥和未消化污泥在TG-MS上的热化学特性比较

利用热重-质谱联用仪对厌氧消化污泥和未消化污泥的燃烧和热解过程分别进行了研究.结果表明,2种污泥燃烧和热解过程中的热失重行为都可分为失水、有机物分解、无机物分解3个阶段.在300～350℃温度范围内,无论燃烧还是热解过程,未消化污泥有机物分解造成的热失重现象均比厌氧消化污泥明显.无机物分解阶段,厌氧消化污泥主要是碳酸盐的分解,未消化污泥主要是硫酸盐的分解.采用同步质谱仪对热解和燃烧的气态产物进行了分析,结果表明,污泥燃烧和热解过程除了产生大量的H2O和CO2外,热解过程还产生CH4、C2H6、C4H10、C7H8等有机气体以及H2.厌氧消化污泥热解时有机气体产生量小于未消化污泥.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.     

Simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate by zeolite synthesized from coal fly ash as influenced by acid treatment

Zeolite synthesized from fly ash （ZFA） without modification is not efficient for the purification of NH4＋ and phosphate at low concentrations that occur in real effluents, despite the high potential removal capacity. To develop an effective technique to enhance the removal efficiency of ammonium and phosphate at low concentrations, ZFA was modified with acid treatment and the simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate in a wide range of concentration was investigated. It was seen that when compared with untreated ZFA, only the treatment by 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4 significantly improved the removal efficiency of ammonium at low initial concentrations. The behavior was well explained by the pH effect. Treatment by more concentrated H2SO4 led to the deterioration of the ZFA structure and a decrease in the cation exchange capacity. Treatment by 0.01 mol/L H2SO4 improved the removal efficiency of phosphate by ZFA at all initial P concentrations, while the treatment by concentrated H2SO4 （≥0.9 mol/L） resulted in a limited maximum phosphate immobilization capacity （PIC）. It was concluded that through a previous mild acid treatment （e.g. 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4）, ZFA can be used in the simultaneous removal of NH4＋ and P at low concentrations simulating real effluent.