PCR-DGGE技术解析生物制氢反应器微生物多样性

为了揭示发酵法生物制氢反应器厌氧活性污泥的微生物种群多样性 ,从运行不同时期取厌氧活性污泥 ,通过细胞裂解直接提取活性污泥的基因组DNA .以细菌 16SrRNA基因通用引物F338GC/R5 34进行V3高变异区域PCR扩增 ,长约 200bp的PCR产物经变性梯度凝胶电泳 (DGGE)分离后 ,获得微生物群落的特征DNA指纹图谱 .研究表明 ,不同时期的厌氧活性污泥中存在共同种属和各自的特异种属 ,群落结构和优势种群数量具有时序动态性 ,微生物多样性呈现出协同变化的特征 .微生物多样性由强化到减弱 ,群落结构之间的相似性逐渐升高 ,演替速度由快速到缓慢 .优势种群经历了动态演替过程 ,最终形成特定种群构成的顶级群落 .     

MBR和CAS工艺污泥在贫营养培养条件下的微生物群落结构研究

采用聚合酶链式-变性梯度凝胶电泳（PCR-DGGE）技术,研究了膜生物反应器（MBR）和传统活性污泥工艺（CAS）反应器中微生物在贫营养条件下的总细菌群落结构.结果表明,在培养过程中,污泥的微生物种群经历了一个比较明显的变化过程,且以CAS污泥微生物种群的变化更为明显,演替过程中既有原始优势种群的消亡,又有新的优势种群...     

MBR中微生物群落结构的演变与分析

为了揭示膜.生物反应器中微生物群落结构多样性的演变过程,通过细胞裂解法直接提取不同时期污泥中的基因组DNA,利用基于16SrDNA的PCR-DGGE技术获得了微生物群落的DNA特征指纹图谱,并对条带进行了统计分析和切胶测序,使用序列数据进行了同源性分析并建立了系统发育树.DGGE分析表明,在反应器运行前17d内污泥中微生物群落结构变化很大,与接种污泥的相似性系数下降到了29.2%,从而说明MBR中处理工艺和进水水质的改变导致微生物群落结构多样性降低.在试验过程中,Pscudomonas和Aeromonas hydrophila等种群一直保持着较为稳定的优势地位,也有原始种群如Bacillus sp.的消亡和以Enterococcus faecalis、Comamonas sp.、Fusobacterium sp.等为代表的次级种群的强化和演变.UPGMA聚类分析将DGGE图谱区分为3大类群并对应于各自的运行时期.测序结果表明,MBR中微生物菌群间进化距离较大,其中Proteobaeteria纲和Bacillus属细菌较多.在反应器运行后期演变为优势地位的菌群(如Comamonas sp.)加剧了膜污染物的产生和积累.     

溶解氧及曝停比对单级自养脱氮系统微生物群落结构的影响

为研究溶解氧及曝停比对单级自养脱氮系统微生物群落结构的影响,从不同溶解氧水平及曝停比条件下的SBBR单级自养脱氮反应器中采集活性污泥及生物膜样品,进行PCR-DGGE及条带统计分析.结果表明,经过1.5 a稳定运行,该系统内微生物群落结构与接种污泥相比已变得简单且较稳定.曝停比为2 h∶2 h的条件下,中高低3种溶解氧水平中,生物膜微生物群落丰富度值均高于活性污泥.DO在(曝气)2.0 mg/L(停曝) 0.4　mg/L时系统运行效能最佳,微生物群落丰富度值最高,生物膜和活性污泥样品中条带数分别约为14条和10条,微生物的多样性及相互协同代谢过程是维持单级自养脱氮系统具有较高运行效能的一个关键因素.此外,曝停比对单级自养脱氮系统微生物群落结构有较大影响.3　h∶5　h的较长曝停周期下,活性污泥与生物膜微生物组成接近,相似性为100%,各类细菌虽在活性污泥与生物膜中均能生存但活性较低,系统运行效能差.     

处理不同废水MBR系统中微生物群落结构的比较

为了研究膜生物反应器中微生物群落结构与系统处理效能的关系.为工艺改进提供依据,从4种处理不同水质的MBR污泥中提取细菌总基因组DNA,采用PCR-DGGE和克隆测序技术对系统中的微生物群落结构进行了解析,根据序列数据进行同源性分析并建立了系统发育树.结果表明,在长期稳定运行后不同MBR中形成了各自特有的生态群落,进水水质对总细菌的群落结构有着较大的影响,处理含有较复杂成分废水的反应器中,种群多样性较高,Shannon指数分别为0.77和0.78.总细菌中,主要优势种群以Proteobacteria纲(8个OUTs)和Bacillus属(2个OUTs)为主.不同反应器中氨氧化菌群结构较为相似,存在着相同的顶级优势群落;测序结果表明MBR中存在着多种亚硝化菌属,其中以亚硝化单胞菌属最为普遍,并鉴定出2株反硝化菌属UncuItured Achromobacter sp.和Uncultured denitrifying bacterium,说明反应器中可能同时存在多种硝化和脱氮途径.     

生物过滤氧化反应器中的微生物特性研究

采用沿程取样分析的方法,对生物过滤氧化反应器不同位置中的微生物特性进行了研究,结果表明,沿水（气）流方向,陶粒上附着的生物膜与陶粒间的生物絮体的量都是逐渐减少,生物絮体的氧呼吸率也随之下降,但生物膜的氧吸收率没有明显的变化。沿水（气）流方向,生物膜生物活性是逐渐升高的,而生物絮体生物活性总体逐渐下降。对生物膜的活性细菌数目（ABN）分析表明,在反应器内不同位置,异养菌与自养菌数量是交替变化的。在进水端,异养菌占据绝对优势,其数量是自养菌的近1000倍,随着床层向出水端靠近,异养菌数目减少,自养菌数目增多,在出水端附近,自养菌是异养菌数目的10倍多。     

两相一体式污泥浓缩消化(TISTD)反应器微生物多样性研究

针对课题组开发的两相一体式污泥浓缩消化反应器(TISTD),采用16S rDNA、PCR-TGGE等分子生物学技术,对反应器在不同阶段稳态下的内、外反应室中微生物的多样性和种群结构进行了研究.结果表明:TISTD反应器内外反应室中微生物群落均呈现高度的多样性分布,优势菌群明显,群落结构差异性很大,且外反应室较内反应室具有更多的微生物种群数量,外室是水解酸化的场所,污泥在外室经过微生物的水解酸化后进入内室,内室是严格厌氧的产甲烷场所;从反应器运行的不同时期来看,反应器中微生物优势种群呈现一定的差异,随着反应器负荷的改变,微生物的群落结构和种群数量也呈现出明显的演替过程,优势种群的功能地位处在动态变化中.微生物种群之间通过协同和竞争作用,形成了特定生态位的群落结构.研究结果解释了TISTD反应器同时浓缩和消化的工作机理,并为其推广、应用及优化调控提供了理论基础.     

“异养-硫自养”组合工艺去除高浓度高氯酸盐特性

通过运行双室的异养-硫自养联合反应器(下部为异养区、上部为自养区),去除高浓度高氯酸盐(ClO_4~-)废水.考察不同进水碳氯比(C/Cl)和ClO_4~-浓度条件下,ClO_4~-的降解特性及出水硫酸盐(SO_4~(2-))浓度.结果表明,通过调节进水C/Cl比由2~1,反应器在36 d快速成功启动;进水ClO_4~-浓度由250 mg·L~(-1)提升至400 mg·L~(-1)时,微生物对高浓度ClO_4~-表现出良好的耐受性,ClO_4~-的去除率始终稳定在95%以上;通过调整C/Cl比至1.2,可减少自养区ClO_4~-负荷,使出水SO_4~(2-)浓度降至250 mg·L~(-1)以下.此外,本研究证实了细菌分泌的溶解性有机物中色氨酸和酪氨酸是造成自养区出水TOC升高的原因.由于采用异养-硫自养联合工艺,控制碳源的投加,从而减少了异养区污泥的产量;同时,异养区产生碱度可以平衡自养区产生的酸度,减少了自养过程中碱度的投加;异养区产生碳酸盐也可以作为自养区的碳源,实现了异养区和自养区功能上的"互补".     

接种BAF处理海水养殖废水低温启动及微生物特性

为研究低温条件下曝气生物滤池(BAF)处理高盐贫营养含氮废水的启动特性,在系统运行水力停留时间为1h,水温为12~16℃,气水比为2:1(溶解氧控制在3~5mg/L),进水p H值为7.38~8.23,高锰酸盐指数为5.11~9.46mg/L,氨氮为3.27~4.88mg/L的工况条件下,对比考察了接种普通活性污泥和海水底泥沸石BAF处理人工模拟海水养殖废水的低温启动规律和微生物种群特性.结果表明,接种海水底泥与普通活性污泥的BAF反应器分别于39和35d完成挂膜启动,氨氮平均去除率分别为91%、95.7%,出水氨氮平均浓度分别为0.36、0.17mg/L;高锰酸盐指数的平均去除率分别为31.9%、36.5%,出水平均浓度分别为4.96、4.63mg/L.变性梯度凝胶电泳(DGGE)和16Sr DNA基因测序分析发现,两座反应器微生物种群结构发生了较大变化,普通活性污泥、海水底泥及其对应接种种泥的BAF反应器运行稳定一个月后的反冲洗泥样多样性指数分别为2.41、2.63、2.88、2.65;随着运行时间的延长,两种接种方式BAF的微生物种群数量及丰度差异逐渐减弱,优势种群趋于一致,表现出很强的相似性;部分耐盐的氨氧化菌成为优势菌种,稳定运行的BAF生物种群以γ-变形菌纲为主.     

降解五氯酚厌氧生物反应器微生物种群结构的分子特性研究

采用PCR—DGGE技术，对降解PCP厌氧生物反应器污泥颗粒化过程微生物种群结构的时空分布变化特性进行了初步研究．结果表明，随着PCP负荷增加与污泥的颗粒化，污泥真细菌、古细菌组成均发生明显变化．当反应器稳定运行时，反应器内上下层污泥微生物种群结构组成相似，真细菌相似性Cs在71．4～77．6之间，古细菌Cs在70．4～76．7之间．反应器一旦受污染物负荷冲击干扰，反应器上下层污泥真细菌组成相似性Cs降至43．3，古细菌降至35．2．测序表明，颗粒污泥中存在不可培养的脱氯细菌，优势产甲烷细菌为Methanosaeta concilii、Methanobacterium sp．、Methanobrevibacter sp．和Methanothfix soehngenii．     

Evaluation of phytoextracting cadmium and lead by sunflower, ricinus, alfalfa and mustard in hydroponic culture

Soil contaminated with heavy metals cadmium(Cd)and lead(Pb)is hard to be remediated.Phytoremediation may be a feasible method to remove toxic metals from soil,but there are few suitable plants which can hyperaccumulate metals.In this study,Cd and Pb accumulation by four plants including sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.),mustard(Brassica juncea L.),alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.), ricinus(Ricinus communis L.)in hydroponic cultures was compared.Results showed that these plants could phytocxtract heavy metals, the ability of accumulation differed with species,concentrations and categories of heavy metals.Values of BCF(bioconcentration factor)and TF(translocation factor)indicated that four species had dissimilar abilities of phytoextraction and transportation of heavy metals.Changes on the biomass of plants,pH and Eh at different treatments revealed that these four plants had distinct responses to Cd and Pb in cultures.Measurements should be taken to improve the phytoremediation of sites contaminated with heavy metals,such as pH and Eh regulations,and so forth.     

Oxidation of As(Ⅲ) by potassium permanganate

The oxidation of As(Ⅲ) with potassium permanganate was studied under conditions including pH, initial As(Ⅲ) concentration and dosage of Mn(Ⅶ). The results have shown that potassium permanganate was an effective agent for oxidizing of As(Ⅲ) in a wide pH range. The pH value of tested water was not a significant factor affecting the oxidation of As(Ⅲ) by Mn(Ⅶ). Although theoretical redox analyses suggest that Mn(Ⅶ) should have better performance in oxidization of As(Ⅲ) within lower pH ranges, the experimental results show that the oxidation efficiencies of As(Ⅲ) under basic and acidic conditions were similar, which may be due to the adsorption of As(Ⅲ) on the Mn(OH)2 and MnO2 resulting from the oxidation of As(Ⅲ).     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Chlorobenzenes in waterweeds from the Xijiang River （Guangdong section） of the Pearl River

The Xijiang River is the major source of water for about 4.5 millions of urban population and 28.7 millions of rural population. The water quality is very important for the health of the rural population. The concentration and distribution of chlorobenzenes (CBs) in both water and waterweeds collected from 4 stations in the Xijiang River (Gangdong section) of the Pearl River in April and November were determined. The result showed that nearly every congener of CBs was detected. The total contents of CBs (∑CBs) in the river water ranged from 111.1 to 360.0 ng/L in April and from 151.9 to 481.7 ng/L in November, respectively. The pollution level of CBs in the water in April was higher than that in November. The contents of ∑ CBs in waterweeds ranged from 13.53×102 μg/g to 38.27×102μg/g dry weight (dw). There was no significant difference between April and November in waterweeds. The distribution of CBs in roots, caulis, and leaves of Vallisneria spiralis L. showed different patterns. The leaves mainly contained low-molecular-weight CBs(DCBs), whereas the roots accumulated more PCBs and HCBs. The average lgBCFlip (bioconcentration factor) of CBs ranged from 0.64 to 3.57 in the waterweeds. The spatial distribution character of CBs in the Xijiang River was: Fengkai County ＜ Yunan County ＜Yun'an County ＜ Gaoyao County according to the ∑CBs, and the pollution deteriorated from the upstream to the downstream of the Xijiang River. Further analysis demonstrated that the discharge of waste containing CBs may be the main source of CBs pollution in the Xijiang River.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol with a novel TiO2/Ti-Fe-graphite felt photoelectrocatalytic oxidation process

Degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol(2,4-DCP)was studied in a novel three-electrode photoelectrocatalytic(PEC)integrative oxidation process,and the factors influencing the degradation rate,such as applied current,flow speed of O_2,pH,adscititious voltage and initial 2,4-DCP concentration were investigated and optimized.H_2O_2 was produced nearby cathode and Fe~(2 )continuously generated from Fe anode in solution when current and O_2 were applied,so,main reactions,H_2O_2-assisted TiO_2 PEC oxidation and E-Fenton reaction,occurred during degradation of 2,4-DCP in this integrative system.The degradation ratio of 2,4-DCP was 93% in this integrative oxidation process,while it was only 31% in E-Fenton process and 46% in H_2O_2-assisted TiO_2 PEC process.So,it revealed that the degradation of 2,4-DCP was improved greatly by photoelectrical cooperation effect.By the investigation of pH,it showed that this integrative process could work well in a wide pH range from pH 3 to pH 9.     

Effect of copper on the degradation of pesticides cypermethrin and cyhalothrin

The influence of coexisting copper (Cu) ion on the degradation of pesticides pyrethroid cypermethrin and cyhalothrin in soil and photodegradation in water system were studied.Serial concentrations of the pesticides with the addition of copper ion were spiked in the soil and incubated for a regular period of time,the analysis of the extracts from the soil was carried out using gas chromatography (GC).The photodegradation of pyrethroids in water system was conducted under UV irradiation.The effect of Cu~(2 ) on the pesticides degradation was measured with half life (t_(0.5)) of degradation.It was found that a negative correlation between the degradation of the pyrethroid pesticides in soil and Cu addition was observed.But Cu~(2 ) could accelerate photodegradation of the pyrethroids in water.The t_(0.5) for cyhalothrin extended from 6.7 to 6.8 d while for cypermethrin extended from 8.1 to 10.9 d with the presence of copper ion in soil.As for photodegradation,t_(0.5) for cyhalothrin reduced from 173.3 to 115.5 rain and for cypermethrin from 115.5 to 99.0 min.The results suggested that copper influenced the degradation of the pesticides in soil by affecting the activity of microorganisms.However, it had catalyst tendency for photodegradation in water system.The difference for the degradation efficiency of pyrethroid isomers in soil was also observed.Copper could obviously accelerate the degradation of some special isomers.