Effect of acid solutions on plants studied by the optical beam deflection method

The optical beam deflection method was applied to study the effects of acid solution on both a terrestial and aquatic plants Egeria and Cerastium, which are common aquatic plant and terrestial weed respectively. A probe beam from a He-Ne laser was passed through a vicinity of a leaf of the plants, which were put in culture dishes filled with acid solutions. Deflection signals of the probe beam were monitored and compared for acid solutions with different pH values. The results of Egria showed that the deflection signals changed dramatically when pH values of acid solutions were 2.0 and 3.0, while little at pH of 4.0 and 5.0. For Cerastium when pH were below 3.0, deflection signals changed greatly with time at the begining. After a certain period of time, deflection signals changed little with time. When pH value was above 4.0, deflection signals of Cerastium were still changing with time even after 20 hours. The results suggested that the damage threshold of pH was between 3.0 and 4.0 for both the land and aquatic plants.     

模拟酸雨对水稻叶片质膜H+-ATPase活性与胞内Ca2+浓度的影响

在水培条件下研究了模拟酸雨(pH=2.5～5.5)对水稻叶片胞内Ca2+浓度和质膜H+-ATPase活性的影响.结果表明:与对照组(CK)相比,酸雨处理5 d(胁迫期)后,pH=5.5和5.0处理组的水稻叶片胞内H+浓度、质膜H+-ATPase活性、胞内Ca2+浓度、质膜Ca2+-ATPase活性无显著变化;pH=4.0和3.5处理组各指标显著升高,且H+-ATPase活性随Ca2+浓度升高而上升;pH=3.0和2.5处理组各指标显著降低,此时胞内Ca2+缺失,对H+-ATPase活性的调节作用受到限制.经正常条件培养5 d(恢复期)后,pH=4.0和3.5处理组各指标均恢复至CK的处理水平,表明H+-ATPase活性受到Ca2+调控已恢复到正常;pH=3.0和2.5处理组的Ca2+浓度高于CK及胁迫期,H+-ATPase活性低于CK但高于胁迫期,表明H+-ATPase活性受Ca2+调控得到部分恢复.因此,酸雨胁迫下胞内Ca2+对质膜H+-ATPase活性有一定调节作用,且受酸雨强度的制约.     

模拟酸雨对亚热带三个树种凋落叶分解速率及分解酶活性的影响

利用凋落物袋法研究了模拟酸雨对中国亚热带地区3个典型树种杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata)、香樟(Cinnamomum camphora)、银杏(Ginkgo biloba)凋落叶分解速率及酶活性的影响.酸雨分别设置为重度酸雨(pH=2.5)、中度酸雨(pH=4.0)、对照处理(pH =5.6)3个梯度.试验结果表明:酸雨胁迫会抑制凋落叶的分解,且随着酸雨强度的增强,抑制作用更明显.杉木、香樟、银杏3个树种对照处理下周转期分别比中度酸雨短33％、43％、14％,比重度酸雨短44％、52％、17％.3种分解酶对酸雨胁迫的表现不同,脲酶和纤维素酶表现为一定的抑制作用,基本呈现为对照处理(pH=5.6)＞中度酸雨(pH=4.0)＞重度酸雨(pH=2.5),与凋落物的分解速率排列情况一致,蔗糖酶在酸雨胁迫下反而有激活的趋势,表现为重度酸雨(pH=2.5)＞中度酸雨(pH =4.0)＞对照处理(pH=5.6).不同树种对酸雨胁迫的影响有一定的差异性,针叶树种杉木受影响最大,阔叶树种香樟和银杏受影响较小,银杏的抗酸性较强,且针叶树种的分解速率比阔叶树种慢.脲酶和纤维素酶对凋落叶的分解贡献较大,而蔗糖酶的影响相对较小.酶活性与季节有较大的关系,夏季活性相对偏高,冬季活性相对偏低.     

京杭大运河（杭州段）典型断面水生植物多样性调查及其与水环境相关性研究

水生植物群落特征是水环境质量的重要标志.为了解京杭大运河(杭州段)的水生生态系统中水生植物的分布特点,探析水质与植物群落间的关系,对其5个典型断面水域中的水生植物进行了调查:考察了各断面水域中水生植物物种组成、多样性分布规律、生物量和主要优势种;分析了水环境的温度、pH值、透明度、溶解氧和主要生源要素等理化因子;采用多元统计方法,探讨了浮游植物多样性分布与环境因子的相关性;并对各断面水体的营养水平进行了评价.结果表明,京杭大运河(杭州段)典型断面的水生植物多样性主要取决于浮游植物的多样性,共观察鉴定了35属的藻类,其中优势群落为硅藻门的明盘藻属(Hyalodiscus Ehrenberg)与直链藻属(Melosira Agardh);从对浮游植物多样性及分布的影响来看,在现有的6个环境因子中,溶解氧、透明度、水温理化因子均对浮游植物的分布产生明显影响,而pH值的影响最大;就水质营养化程度而言,塘栖大桥和卖鱼桥相对污染程度较轻,义桥、顾家桥和拱宸桥污染程度较高,而义桥污染最为严重.     

磷酸改性水生植物生物炭吸附微囊藻毒素-LR及其影响因素

将水生植物制成生物炭是水生植物资源化利用的新方式,本研究将两种水生植物苦草和狐尾藻在不同温度下热解制备生物炭并用磷酸进行改性,探究了生物炭对水中微囊藻毒素（以MC-LR为例）去除的影响,并研究了其对MC-LR的吸附动力学及影响因素.同时,采用扫描电镜、元素分析、比表面及孔径分析、FTIR和XPS对生物炭进行表征.结果表明,生物炭表面含有丰富的含氧官能团,更高热解温度制备的生物炭具有更丰富的孔隙,对MC-LR的去除率也更高.生物炭对MC-LR的吸附符合准一级动力学、准二级动力学和颗粒内扩散模型.离子强度对生物炭吸附的影响较小,而较高的pH、较大分子量的DOM会抑制吸附.磷酸改性能提高生物炭的吸附性能,并且减弱pH和DOM对生物炭吸附效果的影响.综上,利用水生植物制备的改性生物炭可用于吸附MC-LR,为控制水体中的微囊藻毒素污染提供了新的思路和理论依据.     

春季生物作用对山地岩溶池水地球化学特征的影响

岩溶水文系统对外界环境变化敏感,使得岩溶区水质存在昼夜、小时甚至分钟等尺度的变化.许多地表水体都会经历p H值、溶解性气体、微量元素以及其他水化学指标的昼夜变化.重庆金佛山水房泉及受其补给的水池地处海拔2 050 m的山地岩溶区,具有温带气候特征.通过对水房泉泉水(以下简称泉水)及水池进行为期3 d的昼夜监测,以期探究春季生物作用对岩溶池水地球化学的影响.研究发现,在昼夜时间尺度上,泉水地球化学指标基本稳定,未表现出昼夜变化,池水地球化学指标化学表现出了昼夜波动,但水温、溶解氧、p H值、电导率等物理化学指标昼夜变化幅度较小.在不同的天气条件下,水温、溶解氧、Cl-等昼夜变化幅度存在差别;池水二氧化碳分压(p CO2)、Ca2+、DIC白天降低、晚上升高,方解石饱和指数(SIc)相反;这些指标的变化受控于温度、碳酸盐岩矿物的溶解与沉淀、水生植物光合作用与呼吸作用;通过亨利常数的计算,发现水温变化对p CO2变化的影响仅占0.79%~10.01%,水温、碳酸盐岩沉淀等物理因素对DIC损失量的贡献率为39%,水生植物光合作用的贡献率为61%.     

水质酸化对水生生物影响的研究

通过人工模拟试验,评价了水体酸化对不同营养级水生生物的影响.结果表明,不同营养级水生生物忍耐pH的阈限为5.0—5.5.     

Acidic,neutral and alkaline forest ponds as a landscape element affecting the biodiversity of freshwater snails

In recent years, the number of areas remaining under the influence of acidity has increased. At all levels of ecosystems, biodiversity decreases with acidification, due to the elimination of species that are most sensitive to low pH. Forest ponds belong to a specific group that varied in location, a huge amount of leaf litter, and isolation from other aquatic environments. They are crucial in the industrial landscape with well-developed industry and human activity. The aim was to investigate the relative importance of water chemistry in explaining snail assemblage compositions and species richness in forest ponds of contrasting pH. Patterns in gastropod communities were determined from an analysis in 26 forest ponds with multivariate gradient analysis. Ponds ranged in a base mean pH from 3.0 to 9.0. pH has been found to be an important factor influencing gastropod fauna. Neutral ponds support diverse communities, typical of small water bodies. In two acidic pond types, snail fauna was different. Among the species characteristic for acidic ponds (pH < 6) were Anisus spirorbis and Aplexa hypnorum. The greatest distinct characterised alkaline ponds with the numerous appearance of alien Physa acuta. The most diverse gastropod fauna was found in neutral ponds, whereas the lowest degree of diversity was found in ponds with the lowest pH. Current knowledge of pH-associated changes in aquatic ecosystems is still incomplete because anthropogenic acidification is a recent phenomenon. It is extremely important in forest habitats, since they react more intensively to climatic factors and are often used in landscape management and planning.     

3类抗性种子萌发过程中糖代谢对酸雨胁迫的响应

为揭示酸雨影响种子萌发机理,以pH 2.0、2.5、3.0、3.5、4.0、4.5、5.0的模拟酸雨处理水稻(O.sativa)、小麦(T.aestivum)、油菜(B.chinensis var.oleifera)3种不同抗性种子,研究种子萌发糖代谢对酸雨胁迫的响应.结果表明,水稻、小麦和油菜α-淀粉酶活性、可溶性糖和还原糖含量随胁迫强度增加(pH 5.0～2.0)而降低,均低于对照.3个指标响应酸雨胁迫强度的规律(伤害阈值/变幅)是:水稻(pH 3.5～4.0/53.88%～77.7%)＜小麦(pH 3.5～4.5/58.60%～89.41%)＜油菜(pH 4.0～5.0/60.14%～100%).胁迫强度一定时,水稻α-淀粉酶活性、可溶性糖和还原糖含量随时间延长而上升,小麦和油菜3个指标先升后降.胁迫时间一定时(3～7 d),3种种子处理组的旺α-淀粉酶活性、可溶性糖和还原糖含量均低于对照,且随胁迫强度增加而降低.3个指标达到最大伤害的胁迫时间为水稻(7 d;7 d,7 d)＞小麦(7 d,6 d,5 d)＞油菜(3 d,7 d,5 d).3个指标对酸雨胁迫强度与胁迫时间的响应规律显示,水稻糖代谢抗酸雨能力＞小麦＞油菜,这是酸雨胁迫下3类种子萌发指标趋异的又一内在原因.     

酸性预处理污泥厌氧发酵产氢

通过批量试验系统研究了酸性预处理污泥厌氧发酵产氢情况.研究结果表明,通过酸性预处理,不仅对耗氢菌起到抑制作用,还能起到一定的融胞作用,使污泥中溶解性的糖和蛋白质的含量增加,促进厌氧发酵产氢;酸性预处理污泥厌氧发酵主要降解的有机物质为蛋白质,糖类次之.最佳的酸性预处理条件为调整原污泥pH=3.0放置24h;经过pH=3.0酸性预处理后调节初始pH=11.0的条件下厌氧发酵产氢,其最大累积产氢量最高,为14.66 mL.     

模拟酸雨对南方土壤硅铝释放的影响

通过模拟酸雨淋溶实验,分析了淋溶液pH值和硅铝离子释放规律和特点的关系．结果表明,模拟酸雨的酸度是决定土壤中硅铝淋溶释放量的主要因素．当pH＞3.0时释放量增幅较为缓慢,而pH＜3.0以后释放量骤增．土壤溶液中H⁺浓度的增加,使得以水解反应为主要过程的土壤矿物的风化作用加强,从而使硅铝释放量增大.     

Determination of hydroxyl radicals with salicylic acid in aqueous nitrate and nitrite solutions

The qualitative and quantitative analyses of reactive oxygen species are essential to determine their steady-state concentration and related reaction mechanisms in environmental aquatic systems. In this study, salicylic acid was employed as an innovative molecular probe of hydroxyl radical(OH) generated in aqueous nitrate and nitrite solutions through photochemical reactions. Kinetic studies showed that the steady-state concentrations of OH in aqueous NO3^-(10 mmol/L, pH=5) and NO2^ (10 mmol/L, pH=5) solutions under ultraviolet irradiation were at a same magnitude, 10v-15 mol/L. Apparent quantum yields of OH at 313 nm were measured as 0.011 and 0.07 for NO3^- and NO2^ respectively, all comparable to the results of previous studies.     

Response of peroxidase and catalase to acid rain stress during seed germination of rice, wheat, and rape

Seed germination of plants with various acid-resistance display different responses to acid rain. To understand the reason why such differences occur, the effects of simulated acid rain (pH 2.5–5.0) on the activities of peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT) during seed germination of rice (O. sativa), wheat (T. aestivum), and rape (B. chinensis var. oleifera) were investigated. Results indicated that the maximum change in activities of CAT and POD by acid rain treatment with different acidity and time in relation to the referent treatment without acid rain, was in the order: rice (28.8%, 31.7%) < wheat (34.7%, 48.3%) < rape (79.3%, 50.0%). The pH level for which the treatment with acid rain did not cause significant difference (p < 0.05) was in the order: rice (3.5).wheat (4.0).rape (5.0). Moreover, the change in activity of POD was higher than that of CAT, which showed that POD was more sensitive to acid rain stress than CAT. The difference in the ability of POD and CAT in removing free radicals was one reason why the germination indexes of these three species behaved differently. __________ Translated from Environmental Science, 2005, 26(6): 123–125 [译自: 环境科学]     

Chronic toxicity and cytotoxicity of synthetic pyrethroid insecticide cis-bifenthrin

With the increasing use of synthetic pyrethroids (SPs), the significance of ecological safety and health risk is an emerging concern. In this study, we evaluated the chronic aquatic toxicity of cis-bifenthrin (cis-BF) in Daphnia magna and its cytotoxicity in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells as well as human cervical carcinoma (Hela) cells. Chronic aquatic toxicity tests showed that cis-BF could significantly affect the reproduction of D. magna. The lowest observed effective concentration and the non-observed effective concentration of cis-BF to D. magna were 0.02 and 0.01 μg/L, respectively, and the chronic value was 0.014 μg/L. The intrinsic rate of natural increase was significantly decreased (p < 0.05) to 0.02 μg/L. The cytotoxicity assay demonstrated that cis-BF decreased cell viability in CHO and Hela cells in a concentration-and time-dependent manner. The IC₅₀ values for Hela and CHO cells were 4.0 × 10⁻⁵ and 3.2 × 10⁻⁵ mol/L, respectively. Together, these results indicated that cis-BF induced chronic toxicity in both aquatic invertebrate animals and mammalian cells. These findings assist in understanding the impact of SPs on health and environmental safety. Considering the wide spectrum of SPs, a more comprehensive understanding of the negative effects is indispensible for planning future application and regulation of these pesticides.     

黄连根茎浸提物对隆线溞的急性毒性作用

黄连根茎和制剂具有抗菌等作用,广泛用于水产养殖.试验以隆线溞单克隆生物株为供试生物,研究了不同浓度的黄连根茎浸提物(Coptis chinensis root extracts,CRE)对隆线溞泳动能力、存活率及趋光性的影响.结果表明,黄连根茎浸提物对水溞具有急性毒性,半致死浓度半抑制浓度趋光指数显著改变的浓度,后者仅4.27 mg·L-1(以CRE浓度计),远远低于防治鱼病黄连进入水体的浓度.因此,水产养殖使用黄连药物对水溞存在生物毒性.此外,导致隆线溞趋光指数显著改变的CRE浓度比半致死浓度低30.62~36.51倍,测试时间从48 h或24 h缩短到3 h,且容易观察,利用隆线溞趋光性的改变可快速监测CRE对其的毒害作用.在水产养殖中,如果滥用黄连制剂,会影响水生食物链,导致水生态系统失衡.     

四溴双酚A的辐照降解研究

研究了甲醇-水溶液中四溴双酚A(TBBPA)的电子束辐照降解.通过测定辐照前后TBBPA的浓度变化来研究吸收剂量、初始浓度、pH、自由基清除剂对辐照降解效果的影响.结果表明,TBBPA在甲醇-水溶液的辐照降解是还原性逐步脱溴降解过程,自由电子在降解过程中起主导作用,降解反应遵循一级动力学方程.在辐照剂量为10 kGy时,20 mg.L-1的TBBPA有91.6%发生脱溴降解,当向辐照体系充入氮气并且加入叔丁醇,可将TBBPA的降解效率提高到100%,或者调节辐照体系溶液的pH值至12,TBBPA的降解效率也可以达到100%.辐照降解是处理TBBPA的一种有效手段.     

近40年来山东省南四湖水生植被演变及其驱动因素

基于2019年南四湖水生植被调查结果,结合历史资料,分析了1983～2019年全湖水生植被演变情况。结果表明:1)近40年来,南四湖优势种数量下降,结构发生改变,耐污种菹草代替不耐污种轮叶黑藻、微齿眼子菜等成为优势种;2)物种丰富度急剧下降,由74种下降为16种;3)水生植被总面积大幅缩减,挺水植物面积减少93.7%;4)单位面积生物量减少,植被生产力降低。造成这种水生植被演变的主要因素包括:1)湖泊水位波动对植被生长影响显著,2002年的极度干旱压缩了水生植被的生存空间;2)湖泊营养水平变化诱发优势种演变更替;3)人类活动干扰水生植被的生长与分布等。建议控制湖区内不当的人类活动,更好地保护南四湖湿地生态系统的健康,促进水生植被的恢复。     

模拟酸雨对烤烟叶片光合特性和叶绿素荧光参数的影响

以烤烟为供试材料,采用土培盆栽的方法研究了不同pH值的模拟酸雨(pH5.6、pH4.5、pH4.0、pH3.5、pH3.0、pH2.5、pH2.0)对烤烟叶片叶绿素含量、气体交换和叶绿素荧光参数的影响.结果表明:pH≥3.5处理的轻度酸雨对烤烟Chl.a含量影响不大,但pH≤3.5处理烤烟叶片Chl.b和总叶绿素含量显著下降.pH≤2.5模拟酸雨使烤烟叶片净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Ls)、胞间CO2浓度(Ci)、叶面饱和蒸气压力亏缺(VPD)显著降低,使烤烟叶片的气孔限制值(Ls)和潜在水分利用效率(WUEi)显著升高,模拟酸雨使pH2.0处理烤烟叶片的蒸腾速率(Tr)和pH2.5处理的瞬时水分利用效率(WUE)显著降低.pH≥3.5处理的光合有效量子产量(EQY)、光合电子传递速率(ETR)和光化学猝灭(qP)与对照差异不大,但pH≤3.0处理明显降低;烤烟叶片的非光化学猝灭呈先升高后降低趋势,pH≥3.5处理的非光化学猝灭(NPQ)明显高于pH≤3.0处理.     

核壳式磁性碳纳米吸附剂的制备及其对水环境中金霉素的吸附研究

采用水热法和热处理法制备了高比表面积的核壳式磁性碳纳米吸附剂(Fe3C/Fe@C).该吸附剂具有强磁性内核和石墨碳外壳.考察了Fe3C/Fe@C对水环境中金霉素(CTC)的去除能力.结果表明,Fe3C/Fe@C对CTC表现出极强的吸附性能,其吸附行为符合准二级动力学模型,24 h内吸附达到平衡.CTC的吸附能力随溶液pH(3.5～7.5)的增加而增加,但当pH在7.5～8.5时吸附能力下降.CTC的吸附随溶液温度的增加而降低,随离子强度的增加而增加.溶液中共存腐殖酸浓度为10～50mg.L-1时,CTC的吸附仅降低了10%～20%.在最佳条件下(pH=7.5,T=293 K),由Langmuir吸附模型拟合的CTC最大吸附容量为909 mg.g-1,该吸附容量远大于沉积物和矿物对CTC的吸附.吸附CTC后的Fe3C/Fe@C在磁场作用下可以快速从水样中收集,便于进一步处理,避免对环境的二次污染.这些结果表明,Fe3C/Fe@C可作为水环境中四环素类抗生素去除的一种潜在的高效、绿色吸附剂.     

三峡水库消落区土壤、植物汞释放及其在斑马鱼体的富集特征

利用室内模拟试验,探讨了三峡水库消落区淹没后土壤、植物汞释放特征及其在斑马鱼体的富集水平.结果表明,随淹水时间的延长,淹没土壤中总汞(THg)含量下降;水体THg浓度总体明显升高.淹没土壤及水体中甲基汞(MMHg)含量总体明显上升,其中稗草+土壤处理水体中增加尤为明显,淹水21 d后,其浓度是土壤处理的2.52倍.表明消落区土壤、植物是水库水体汞的一个重要来源.供试稗草淹水分解造成水体pH及溶解氧(DO)含量下降、溶解性有机碳(DOC)含量上升,对土壤MMHg含量无明显影响,对水体MMHg影响较大.供试斑马鱼头部、内脏及肌肉中THg含量总体明显上升,与水体中THg浓度具有显著相关性(P<0.01).鱼体头部、内脏及肌肉中均出现不同程度的MMHg富集现象,以头部与肌肉最为明显.淹水21 d后,添加土壤处理的鱼体头部、内脏及肌肉MMHg增加的含量分别是对照的1.75~6.25、3.53~8.38、2.22~3.36倍;稗草+土壤处理的分别是土壤处理的3.57、2.37、1.52倍.可见,淹没土壤是鱼体MMHg增加的重要来源,淹没植物改变原水环境条件影响其向水体释汞过程能提高鱼体中MMHg含量.