大气降水化学特征分析——以佛山市禅城区为例

为了解佛山市禅城区大气降水化学特征,该研究于2018年1~12月采集禅城区大气降水样品,测定降雨量、pH值、电导率和SO4^2?、NO3^?、NO^2?、F^?、Cl^?、Ca2^+、Mg2^+、K^+、Na^+和NH4^+等阴阳离子。结果表明,2018年佛山市禅城区降雨量为2058.6 mm,主要集中在5~9月份;pH值在3.95~6.47之间,年均值为5.35,pH值春、夏季较低,秋、冬季较高,酸雨频率为46.0%;电导率在3.51~100.40μS/cm之间,年均值为22.48μS/cm;降水离子浓度所占比例大小顺序为:NO3^?>SO4^2?>Cl^?>NH4^+>Ca2^+>NO2^?>K^+>Na^+>Mg2^+>F^?,其中NO3^?和SO4^2?是降水中主要的阴离子,NH4^+和Ca2^+是主要的阳离子,这4种离子占总离子的76.0%;除个别离子外,春季和冬季各离子浓度较秋季高,而夏季最低,阴阳离子之间存在着显著或极显著正相关关系。     

重庆市降水化学特征分析

通过对1996～2002年重庆市降水化学成分特征分析以及降水pH与降水化学组分的灰色关联度分析，表明重庆市降水已明显酸化，总离子浓度已达到较高水平，降水离子主要来自地表源，其次是农业和生物源；主要阳离子是Ca^2 和NH^4-，主要阴离子组分是SO4^2-，降水类型属硫酸型。降水pH最为敏感的阳离子是K^ ，阴离子是NO3，且其致酸作用呈上升趋势，而SO4^2-则呈下降趋势。     

重庆主城区大气总悬浮颗粒中有机碳和元素碳污染特征分析

在四个季节采样分析的基础上，本文报道了重庆市主城区江北区(商住区)和缙云山(清洁对照点)两个监测点总悬浮颗粒物质量浓度的空间分布和季节变化特征，同时利用热分解示差热导法元素分析仪测定了TSP中的OC和EC浓度，探讨了OC和EC含量并与北京相应功能区的TSP质量浓度及其OC和EC浓度进行了比较。结果表明：重庆市商住区和对照点TSP年均质量浓度均小于北京市商住区和对照点；重庆市商住区OC和EC年均质量浓度高于北京市商住区，北京市对照点OC和EC年均质量浓度高于重庆市对照点。两个城市的四个监测点OC／EC年均值均大于2．0，说明两城市城区二次污染比较严重。     

兴隆大气气溶胶中水溶性无机离子分析

2009年9月～2010年8月在兴隆大气背景站,利用Andersen分级采样器进行大气气溶胶样品的采集,并利用离子色谱分析了其中的水溶性无机离子的成分含量.结果表明,TSP、PM2.1和PM1.1中总水溶性无机盐的年平均浓度分别为(89.66±47.66)、(54.44±34.08)和(44.39±29.95)μg·m-3,其中SO42-、NO3-、Ca2+和NH4+为兴隆大气气溶胶中最主要的水溶性无机离子.PM2.1中总水溶性无机离子的年平均浓度占TSP的61%.PM1.1总水溶性无机离子的年平均浓度占TSP的50%,占PM2.1的82%.PM1.1、PM2.1和TSP中水溶性无机离子总浓度季节性变化趋势一致,夏季>秋季>春季>冬季.NH4+与SO42-的摩尔比>2,表明NH4+未被SO42-完全中和.在细粒子中NH4+和SO42-、NO3-均有较好的相关性,相关系数分别为0.96和0.87,表明NH4+可能以(NH4)2SO4和NH4NO3的形式存在.     

几种阴阳离子对磷钨酸光催化降解甲基橙的影响

以磷钨酸为光催化剂,在紫外灯照射下,对甲基橙溶液进行光催化降解,考察了几种阴阳离子对磷钨酸光催化降解甲基橙溶液的影响。结果表明：Mg^2＋、Ca^2＋、NO3^-、SO4^2-和CO3^2-均对催化活性有促进作用,其中Mg^2＋和Ca^2＋仅有微弱的促进作用;NO3^-和SO4^2-随着浓度的增加促进作用也有所增加;CO3^2-则随着浓度的增加促进作用呈下降趋势;Mn^2＋、Al^3＋和Cl^-对光解反应存在较强的抑制作用,且Al^3＋和Cl^-随着其浓度的增加,抑制作用增强。     

光催化降解甲胺磷的研究

用离子色谱法检测光催化降解甲胺磷的最终产物PO4^3-、SO4^2-、NH4^ 、NO3^-，它们随光照时间的生成量不同，80min时甲胺磷分子中的N原子已完全矿化为NH4^ 和NO3^-，而P、S原子矿化为PO4^3-、SO4^2-则较慢且不同步，刚开始，SO4^2-生成量大于PO4^3-，100min后则PO4^3-生成量大于SO4^2-，经气相色谱及CODCr分析，均表明在甲胺磷光催化降解过程中存在中间产物，用气质联用仪（GC-MS）检测出中间产物CH3-SO2-SCH3及CH3S-SCH3，提出光催化降解甲胺磷的可能途径。     

两广地区酸性降水及化学组成的特征

本文介绍了两广地区酸性降水及化学组成的特征,发现两广地区的酸性降水主要集中在春季,造成此期间酸性降水的主要原因可能是污染物中远距离的输送和局地源综合作用的结果。再采用一元回归分析,多元逐步回归分析和聚类分析,可发现NO3-、SO42-、NH4+、Ca++等四种离子是降水中的主要成份,且SO42-与NO3-的比值较低,和NO3-对雨水酸化贡献较大的特征。      

重庆市大气PM_(10)中水溶性离子组分的研究

为研究重庆市可吸入颗粒物中水溶性离子组分的特征,于2006年4月和11月在重庆市主城9区和缙云山对照点采集环境中PM10样品,用离子色谱法测定9种离子组分。分析结果发现,阴离子中含量较高的分别是SO42-和NO3-占了阴离子含量的95%以上;而NH4+和Ca2+则占到阳离子含量的80%。主城各区大气中水溶性离子组分的含量明显高于对照点,且大渡口区、南岸区、九龙坡区、北碚区和渝中区的污染较为严重。在相关性分析中,NH4+与NO3-和SO42-相关性较好,Ca2+与Mg2+也体现出良好的相关性。与国内外城市相比重庆市大气PM10中,NO3-、SO42-和NH4+的浓度相对偏高,Na+和Cl-的浓度较低。     

大连市酸雨污染特征及原因简析

2008年大连市酸雨频率为36．9％,酸雨污染以硫酸型污染为主,但硝酸盐对酸雨的贡献相对较高,降水中对酸雨主要起中和作用的离子为钙离子及铵根离子。2003年-2008年来大连市降水酸度和酸雨频率呈逐年上升趋势,从各季节变化看,最高酸雨频率主要发生在夏季,降水中（Ca2^＋NH4^＋）／（SO4^-2＋NO3^-）呈下降趋势,从而说明虽然大连市局地的二氧化硫和氮氧化物污染对降水酸度产生一定影响,但相比而言,空气中碱性颗粒物的减少．对大连市酸雨频率的升高影响更大;大连市酸雨污染受外来源的远距离输送影响的比例很大。     

重庆城区大气颗粒物的元素、离子及物相组成研究

采用X－射线能谱（EDX），傅立叶红外光谱（FT－IR），X－射线衍射（XRI）对重庆市区大气颗粒污染物的元素组成，离子，物相组成进行顾研究，EDX检出了S，Cl,K,Ca,Ti,Cr,Mn,Fe,Cu,Se,Sr,Zr,Rb,Ga,Hg,Zn,Ni元素，FT－IR光谱发现主要存在SO4^2-,NH4^ 和NO3^-,XRD结果表明存在CaSO4.2H2O,α-SiO2,(NH4)2Ca(SO4)2.2H2O,(NH4)2SO4等4个主要物相以及Fe3O4,CaCO3等物相，初步讨论了重庆大气颗粒物的污染来源及其时间，空间分布。     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.     

Simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate by zeolite synthesized from coal fly ash as influenced by acid treatment

Zeolite synthesized from fly ash （ZFA） without modification is not efficient for the purification of NH4＋ and phosphate at low concentrations that occur in real effluents, despite the high potential removal capacity. To develop an effective technique to enhance the removal efficiency of ammonium and phosphate at low concentrations, ZFA was modified with acid treatment and the simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate in a wide range of concentration was investigated. It was seen that when compared with untreated ZFA, only the treatment by 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4 significantly improved the removal efficiency of ammonium at low initial concentrations. The behavior was well explained by the pH effect. Treatment by more concentrated H2SO4 led to the deterioration of the ZFA structure and a decrease in the cation exchange capacity. Treatment by 0.01 mol/L H2SO4 improved the removal efficiency of phosphate by ZFA at all initial P concentrations, while the treatment by concentrated H2SO4 （≥0.9 mol/L） resulted in a limited maximum phosphate immobilization capacity （PIC）. It was concluded that through a previous mild acid treatment （e.g. 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4）, ZFA can be used in the simultaneous removal of NH4＋ and P at low concentrations simulating real effluent.