离子筛与醋酸纤维素混合超滤膜的制备及降氟性能

在超滤膜制备过程中，间铸膜液中引入了亲氟物质－水合氧化镧，经熟化制备的混合超滤膜具有分离大分子和降低水体中氟离子浓度两种功能，以含氟饮用水为研究对象，对其混合膜的降氟机理进行了探讨。     

聚偏氟乙烯大孔超滤膜的研究

以国产聚偏氟乙烯（ＰＶＤＦ）为原料,选择不同种类的单一溶剂、混合溶剂和添加剂为铸膜液组成,研究了若干制膜因素对膜性能的影响,采用混合溶剂ＤＭＡＣ／ＡＣ之比控制ＡＣ含量在４０％─６０％,添加剂含量在１０％─２０％,制膜的气氛温度为２５—３０Ｃ,铸膜液温度为５０℃左右,可制得截留分子量为１５万和２４万,透水速度达３０—７０ｍｌ／（ｃｍ２·ｈ）,截留率为９０％以上的大孔超滤膜。     

超滤膜的制备、贮存、安装和更换

超滤膜的制备超滤膜是超滤器的“心脏”,因此,在制备超滤膜时应特别注意控制那些能影响膜质量的关键因素。用二醋酸纤维素为基料,用丙酮作溶剂,以甲酰胺为成孔剂,配成三元溶液,在常温条件下即可成膜,其程序是:     

纤维素膜超滤大豆蛋白溶液过程传质特性的研究

以N-甲基吗啉-N-氧化物(NMMO)作为纤维素溶剂,用L-S相转化法制备纤维素超滤膜。通过研究大豆蛋白溶液在纤维素膜材料超滤过程中膜通量的变化规律,根据凝胶层理论和浓差极化理论,得到大豆蛋白溶液超滤过程中,操作压力、超滤溶液浓度与膜通量的变化关系的传质方程,同时建立了超滤法纯化大豆蛋白溶液的动力学模型,为利用纤维素超滤膜材料进行大豆蛋白分离的工业化生产提供技术上的理论指导。     

等离子体改性PVDF中空纤维超滤膜的动电性质研究

为减轻膜污染以丙烯酸和丙烯酰胺为接枝单体,对聚偏氟乙烯中空纤维超滤膜用低温等离子体方法进行改性。用流动电位法,测定电解质溶液中膜的流动电位并研究电解质溶液的种类、浓度及pH值的影响,对比改性前后的膜流动电位变化情况。结果表明,流动电位绝对值随着电解质浓度的增大而减小,随着电解质溶液中阳离子价态的升高而减小;改性后膜的zeta电位略高于原膜。     

预涂动态膜强化超滤去除海水中有机物及其对膜污染的影响

以粉末活性炭和硅藻土为涂膜材料,在聚醚砜超滤膜表面形成预涂动态膜,考察了预涂动态膜对海水中有机物的去除效果和作用机制,通过比较分析直接超滤和预涂动态膜过滤海水前后膜表面亲疏水性、形貌结构、粗糙度及膜阻力分布的变化,探讨了活性炭和硅藻土预涂覆对超滤膜污染的影响.结果表明,预涂动态膜可提高超滤膜对海水中溶解有机碳(DOC)和UV_(254)的去除率,活性炭预涂动态膜对海水中DOC和UV_(254)的去除率较直接超滤分别提高11.2%和11.3%.硅藻土预涂膜主要利用超滤膜表面形成的硅藻土滤饼层强化海水中蛋白质类有机物的截留,活性炭对海水中小分子有机物的额外吸附导致海水过滤过程中活性炭预涂膜对有机物的去除效果优于硅藻土预涂膜.与直接超滤相比,预涂动态膜过滤海水后膜表面亲水性更好,膜表面粗糙度更低,膜过滤阻力也更小,活性炭预涂动态膜净化海水时膜过滤总阻力较直接超滤降低50.3%.利用涂膜材料在超滤膜表面形成的滤饼层将超滤膜与有机物进行了"隔离",避免了超滤膜与有机污染物直接接触,降低了小分子有机物在膜孔内的吸附堵塞,能够有效减缓超滤膜的不可逆污染.     

厌氧膜生物反应器处理高浓度食品废水的应用

采用由完全混合的厌氧生物反应器和板杠式超滤膜组成的膜生物反应器对高浓度食品放心水进行处理,考察了厌氧膜生物反应器的处理效果及其对负荷、水力停留时间等的稳定性,膜组件装填面积为０．６４ｍ＾２,膜材质为聚醚砚（ＰＥＳ）,膜截贸分子量为２００００。结果表明：ＣＯＤ负荷在２～３ｋｇ／（ｍ＾３．ｄ）时,膜出水ＣＯＤ去除率可达８０％～９０％,当ＣＯＤ负荷超过４．５ｋｇ（ｍ＾３．ｄ）时,混合液ＶＦＡ出现积累,Ｃ     

低浓度NaClO和NaOH对聚偏氟乙烯超滤膜老化的影响

利用质量分数分别为0.2%的NaClO和0.1%的NaOH溶液老化聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)超滤膜,研究低浓度化学清洗剂对PVDF超滤膜老化的影响.通过纯水通量、膜孔径分布、扫描电镜、拉伸性能、接触角、红外光谱和有机物截留效果,对老化后超滤膜的特征和性能进行评估.结果表明,经过NaClO和NaOH处理后,超滤膜孔径增大,对总有机碳(TOC)的截留率甶36.0%分别降低至16.2%~32.4%和13.9%~24.4%.老化使PVDF膜表面发生了脱氟化氢反应,生成了C=C和C=O等新基团,改变了膜的化学组成和结构,增强了膜的疏水性.老化后膜的机械性能变差,拉断力和断裂伸长率均随老化时间的延长而降低.NaOH对PVDF膜机械性能的影响高于NaClO.     

聚醚砜超滤膜的制备及其工艺条件研究

以聚醚砜（PES）为膜材料,聚乙烯吡咯烷酮（PVP）为添加剂,N,N-二甲基乙酰胺（DMAc）为溶剂,用相转化法制备了超滤膜。利用正交试验法,研究了制膜参数PES浓度、PVP浓度、凝固浴温度、凝固时间对膜性能的影响显著程度,其中PES浓度、PVP浓度、凝固浴温度对膜通量和截流率都有显著影响;并进一步探讨了这三个显著因素对膜性能的影响规律,得出制备截留分子量为67000的超滤膜的最佳条件为：PES浓度16％-22％,PVP浓度10％～12％,凝固浴温度308K-313K,凝固时间1200s～1800s。     

原位植入TiO2纳米颗粒改性聚砜超滤膜及其抗生物污染性能研究

选用TiO_2纳米颗粒通过原位植入法对聚砜超滤膜表面进行改性,通过调节p H及沉淀浴中TiO_2浓度制备出不同TiO_2覆盖率的改性聚砜超滤膜,并分别用扫描电子显微镜、接触角测定仪、激光共聚焦显微镜等对改性膜性能进行评价.结果表明,p H为4时TiO_2分散良好并植入到聚砜膜表面,改变沉淀浴的浓度可以有效控制TiO_2在聚砜膜表面的覆盖率.聚砜膜的亲水性随TiO_2覆盖率的提高而不断增强.在纯水通量下降不明显的情况下,TiO_2改性超滤膜的抗生物污染性能均优于未改性膜,随着覆盖率的提高,抗生物污染性能呈现先增强后减弱的趋势,在覆盖率介于22.4%~27.7%之间时改性膜具有最优的抗生物污染性能,可使微生物粘附减少93%,黑暗培养24 h的生物膜厚度减少70%以上.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.