黄土丘陵区退耕还林还草对土壤细菌群落结构的影响

为了探究黄土丘陵区退耕还林还草工程对土壤细菌群落的影响,本文以宁南山区玉米农地为对照,人工柠条地和天然草地为退耕还林还草的处理,利用Illumina二代高通量测序技术MiSeq对土壤细菌的16S rRNA V3~V4可变区进行测序,研究3种植被下土壤细菌的α多样性、物种组成和丰富度,并结合土壤理化性质探讨影响细菌群落结构的环境因素.3种土壤样品中共检测到细菌29门,76纲,135目,250科,375属,682种,主要的优势菌门为变形菌门（Proteobacteria）、放线菌门（Actinobacteria）、酸杆菌门（Acidobacteria）、绿弯菌门（Chloroflexi）、芽单胞菌门（Gemmatimonadetes）、厚壁菌门（Firmicutes）,主要的优势菌纲为α-变形菌纲（α-Proteobacteria）、放线菌纲（Actinobacteria）、酸杆菌纲（Acidobacteria）、β-变形菌纲（β-Proteobacteria）、嗜热油菌纲（Thermoleophilia）、芽单胞菌纲（Gemmatimonadetes）、杆菌纲（Bacilli）、δ-变形菌纲（δ-Proteobacteria）.与耕地相比,林地的优势菌主要是变形菌门（Proteobacteria）和放线菌门（Actinobacteria）,草地的是放线菌门（Actinobacteria）和酸杆菌门（Acidobacteria）.柠条林地的土壤微生物多样性最高.通过RDA分析发现,影响本研究区域土壤细菌分布的最主要环境因子是全氮和有机质.研究表明通过退耕还林与还草工程明显地改善了土壤肥力和环境状况,改变了土壤细菌群落组成.     

合肥市夏季大气颗粒物中微生物群落的高通量测序分析

大气颗粒物的组分、来源和时空变化特征等方面已进行了广泛的研究,但对占大气颗粒物25%的生物气溶胶中细菌和真菌等微生物群落的研究较少.本文使用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪（ICP-MS）和离子色谱仪（IC）分别测定了大气颗粒物中痕量元素和水溶性离子的含量,并结合高通量测序和荧光定量PCR分析了合肥市7~9月大气颗粒物PM_1.0、PM_2.5和PM₁₀中微生物群落组成及其来源.结果表明,不同粒径下细菌群落多样性无显著差异（ANOVA,P>0.05）,雨天细菌和真菌群落多样性均高于晴天,所有样品中细菌群落多样性均显著高于真菌群落多样性（ANOVA,P<0.01）;大气中细菌的优势菌门为变形菌门（46.19%）、厚壁菌门（33.42%）、拟杆菌门（10.99%）、蓝藻门（3.33%）和放线菌门（2.11%）,真菌的优势菌门为子囊菌门（73.23%）、担子菌门（5.78%）、被孢霉菌门（3.41%）和毛霉门（0.10%）;通过分析潜在源环境的指示物种,发现土壤、植物叶片和动物粪便是合肥市大气中细菌群落的主要来源,真菌群落的主要来源是植物叶片和土壤;细菌群落主要受K、Pb、Al、Fe、Mg、Ca、Na⁺、NO₂^-和风速（WS）影响,而真菌群落的主要影响因素是V、Mn、Sr、NO₂^-、NO₃^-、Na⁺、Cl^-、空气质量指数（AQI）和PM₁₀;此外,在细菌和真菌群落分析中鉴定到了不动杆菌属、链球菌属、肠杆菌属、假单胞菌属、代夫特菌属、沙雷氏菌属、木霉属、链格孢属和曲霉属等9种致病菌,它们可以导致人类和其它生物的多种疾病.本文的研究结果有助于揭示大气微生物的各种特性及其影响因素,以及对人类健康的影响,对后续研究和政府相应政策的制定具有重要的参考价值.     

基于16S rRNA高通量测序的北运河水体及沉积物微生物群落组成对比分析

微生物群落在沉积物和水生态系统中的物质循环中发挥重要作用,是水生态系统与沉积物之间污染物质交换的桥梁.但非常规补给水源扰动和闸坝、衬砌截流为主的城市河道水体和沉积物微生物对比研究并不多见,基于此以高度人工化的北运河京津冀段为研究区域,尝试利用高通量测序结果对水体和沉积物微生物群落组成差异进行分析.结果表明,北运河沉积物较水体具有更高的微生物群落α多样性,β多样性则表现为水体中微生物群落较沉积物群落的相似性更高.变形杆菌门（Proteobacteria）丰度在水体与沉积物中无显著差异,且在两种生境条件下均为优势类群.α变形杆菌纲（α-Proteobacteria）、放线杆菌门（Actinobacteria）、蓝藻门（Cyanobacteria）和疣微菌门（Verrucomicrobia）在水体中的丰度较高,而γ变形杆菌纲（γ-Proteobacteria）、δ变形杆菌纲（δ-Proteobacteria）、绿弯菌门（Chloroflexi）、厚壁菌门（Firmicutes）和酸杆菌门（Acidobacteria）则在沉积物中有着更高丰度.好氧或兼性厌氧菌为主的水体类群和厌氧菌为主的沉积物类群体现出两者生境差异,沉积物中蕴含的病原菌存在二次释放到水体中的危险.研究结果为揭示高度人工化的、非常规补给水源补充下的和城市河道污染胁迫下的微生物群落变化机制提供科学依据.     

O3-BAC深度处理工艺中细菌群落时空分布及动态变化规律

为弄清饮用水O₃-BAC深度处理工艺过程中细菌群落的时空分布和动态变化规律,本研究以我国南方某O₃-BAC深度处理工艺水厂为研究对象,采用NovaSeq6000高通量测序技术对夏季和冬季各工艺单元出水及滤砂和活性炭生物膜等细菌群落进行解析.结果表明,出厂水pH、浊度、COD_Mn、菌落总数等指标均满足《生活饮用水卫生标准》（GB5749-2006）的要求.夏季细菌群落多样性明显高于冬季,活性炭生物膜的细菌群落多样性高于滤砂生物膜;混凝沉淀、臭氧化和消毒是影响细菌群落多样性的主要工艺单元.水样和生物膜样品绝对优势菌门均为变形菌门（Proteobacteria）,且主要菌门组成大体相同,但细菌群落门水平相对丰度存在一定的时空差异,属水平上差异则更为明显.此外,检测到的条件致病菌属主要包括芽孢杆菌属（Bacillus）、不动杆菌属（Acinetobacter）、假单胞菌属（Pseudomonas）和分支杆菌属（Mycobacterium）,且其所占核心微生物OTUs数目不受季节性影响.水温和生物可降解溶解性有机碳（BDOC）是显著影响细菌群落分布的主要水质参数.以上研究结果表明,O₃-BAC深度处理工艺过程中细菌群落具有时空变化特性,并可为饮用水微生物安全保障提供支撑.     

厌氧氨氧化菌富集培养过程微生物群落结构及多样性

为深入理解厌氧氨氧化菌富集培养过程微生物群落变化特征,采用ASBR反应器进行厌氧氨氧化菌富集培养,考察了不同培养时间微生物群落组成、多样性及物种网络关系.结果表明,通过逐步提高基质浓度,实现了厌氧氨氧化菌富集,NH₄⁺-N和NO₂^--N去除率分别为97.6%和95.4%,总氮去除率为84.9%.高通量测序发现,整个培养过程优势菌门（相对丰度>5%）为变形菌门（Proteobacteria）、拟杆菌门（Bacteroidetes）、绿弯菌门（Chloroflexi）、浮霉菌门（Planctomycetes）、装甲菌门（Armatimonadetes）和放线菌门（Actinobacteria）;富集培养获得的主要厌氧氨氧化菌为Candidatus Brocadia,相对丰度从1.42%增长到24.66%;培养过程,微生物群落优势菌群组成未发生变化,但相对丰度呈现显著差异（P<0.05）.富集培养过程不同时间,微生物群落α多样性呈现先升高后降低的趋势,且存在显著差异（P<0.05）;微生物群落β多样性在富集培养过程发生明显空间分异特征,且存在显著差异（R=0.5672,P<0.01）.培养过程不同时间,物种网络密度分别为0.188、0.068、0.059、0.18和0.0735;虽然富集培养过程导致微生物间的关联作用变弱,但浮霉菌门相关类群的物种成为网络中的主要节点.     

酒糟生物炭短期施用对贵州黄壤氮素有效性及细菌群落结构多样性的影响

为实现酱香型酒糟资源化综合利用和黄壤氮素有效性提升,采取田间培养试验,通过设置5个生物炭施用量0%（MB₀）、0.5%（MB_0.5）、1.0%（MB_1.0）、2.0%（MB_2.0）和4.0%（MB_4.0）,研究酒糟生物炭短期施用对贵州黄壤氮素有效性及细菌群落结构多样性的影响.结果表明,施用酒糟生物炭使土壤全氮（TN）和硝态氮（NN）含量分别提高35.79%~365.26%和122.96%~171.80%,微生物量氮（MBN）含量降低34.10%~59.95%,且随着生物炭施用量的增加,铵态氮/全氮（AN/TN）、硝态氮/全氮（NN/TN）和微生物量氮/全氮（MBN/TN）呈现出降低趋势.施用酒糟生物炭显著降低了土壤细菌OTU数量、群落丰富度和多样性,且随酒糟生物炭施用量的增加,该影响程度随之增加.与未施用酒糟生物炭MB₀处理相比,酒糟生物炭的施用显著改变土壤细菌群落结构,随着生物炭施用量的增加,拟杆菌门（Bacteroidetes）相对丰度提高了1.76~2.11倍,而酸杆菌门（Acidobacteria）、绿弯菌门（Chloroflexi）、芽单胞菌门（Gemmatimonadetes）、浮霉菌门（Planctomycetes）、装甲菌门（Armatimonadetes）、奇古菌门（Thaumarchaeota）和硝化螺旋菌门（Nitrospirae）相对丰度均出现不同程度的降低,均以MB_4.0处理降幅最为显著.同时,酒糟生物炭的施用还增加了一些土壤功能细菌的相对丰度,如链霉菌属（Streptomyces）、极小单胞菌属（Pusillimonas）等,降低了溶杆菌属（Lysobacter）和芽孢杆菌属（Gemmatimonas）等优势菌属的相对丰度.此外,冗余分析（RDA）结果显示,MBN/TN、NN和MBN是引起土壤细菌群落结构变化的主要氮素环境因子,而且MBN/TN、MBN与奇古菌门（Thaumarchaeota）和硝化螺旋菌属（Nitrospira）均呈显著正相关性,说明短期内酒糟生物炭的施用可以显著降低氨氧化古菌和硝化细菌的丰度,抑制土壤氨氧化作用和硝化速率,提高土壤氮素有效性.综上所述,短期内施用酒糟生物炭可以提高黄壤氮素养分,改变土壤细菌群落结构和多样性,并可以通过抑制土壤氨氧化作用和硝化作用有效阻控土壤氮素淋溶发生的风险,提高土壤氮素有效性.     

河北省不同盐渍化土壤类型的微生物多样性与种群结构

为了探索盐渍化土壤中微生物多样性及群落构成，有效筛选盐渍土壤中耐盐微生物菌群.采用高通量测序技术对采集的河北省滨海盐渍土（原生盐渍化）、设施盐渍土（次生盐渍化）和高产粮田（健康土壤）3个生境的耕层土壤样本细菌和真菌多样性、群落结构、网络关系及其影响因子进行测定.结果表明，与大田土壤相比，设施土壤中OM、AP、AK、TS和EC显著升高，滨海盐渍土壤的TS和EC显著升高，其他养分指标则显著降低.细菌α多样性依次为：设施盐渍土>高产粮田>滨海盐渍土，真菌α多样性则为高产粮田显著高于设施盐渍土和滨海盐渍土.在门和属水平上分析盐渍化土壤的菌群结构，细菌群落中绿弯菌门（Chloroflexi）及其菌属和真菌群落中子囊菌门（Ascomycota）及其中有益菌Trichocladium和病原菌Fusarium为盐渍化土壤中的优势微生物类群.土壤EC和TS两个盐分因子是对细菌和真菌菌群分布贡献最大的因子，与绿弯菌门中unclassified_A4b和unclassified_Chloroflexi以及变形菌门中unclassified_α-Proteobacteria等细菌菌属和子囊菌门中Trichocladium、unclassified_Chaetomiaceae、Crassicarpon、Cephaliophora和Sodiomyces等真菌菌属呈显著正相关.研究结果为盐渍化土壤修复所需的微生物资源筛选提供了理论依据.     

酸性矿山废水影响下水库细菌群落结构特征与环境因子关系

为揭示酸性矿山废水（Acid mine drainage,AMD）影响下水库水体中细菌群落结构特征及影响因子,对贵州省兴仁市3座受AMD影响与1座未受AMD影响水库样品进行了对比研究,利用16S rDNA高通量测序技术分析揭示细菌群落结构特征,并通过冗余分析（Redundancy analysis,RDA）探明影响水体细菌群落变化的主要环境因子.结果表明,受AMD影响水库水体中各主要阳离子（Ca²⁺、Na⁺、Mg²⁺、Fe²⁺、Mn²⁺、Cu²⁺、Zn²⁺、Ni²⁺）、SO₄^2-浓度及电导率值均高于未受AMD影响的水库,而DOC和pH值均低于未受AMD影响的水库.变形菌门（Proteobacteria）是受AMD影响水库水体的主要细菌门类,在3个受影响的水库中均占比95%以上.在属分类水平上,红杆菌属（Rhodobacter）、不动杆菌属（Acinetobacter）、假单胞菌属（Pseudomonas）和铁氧化细菌属（Ferrovum）是受AMD影响水库水体中的主要菌属;未受AMD影响水库水体细菌群落中,放线菌门（Actinobacteria）和变形菌门（Proteobacteria）为主要细菌门类,占比分别为48%和29%,主要菌属为发光杆菌属（Ilumatobacter）、不动杆菌属（Acinetobacter）.分析表明,受AMD影响水库细菌群落结构特征与未受AMD影响水库细菌群落存在明显差异,推测DOC、pH及Na⁺浓度对此差异起主导作用.本研究可为科学认识受AMD影响水体微生物群落与环境因子之间的关系提供依据.     

基于同位素示踪和分子生物学技术对潮白河沉积物中氮还原功能特征的研究

沉积物氮还原功能对于调控和管理河流氮负荷具有重要作用.本研究选取潮白河不同区域河段表层沉积物作为研究对象,采用¹⁵N同位素示踪技术、16S rRNA扩增子测序和实时荧光定量PCR（qPCR）技术,研究了潮白河沉积物中氮还原过程（反硝化、厌氧氨氧化（anaerobic ammonia oxidation,anammox）和DNRA过程（dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium,异化硝酸盐还原为铵））速率特征、相关功能基因丰度和微生物群落结构特征.结果表明：潮白河沉积物潜在反硝化、anammox、DNRA和N₂O释放速率分别为（25.82±0.98）~（142.32±17.06）、（0.58±0.10）~（4.51±0.78）、（2.91±0.46）~（19.59±4.15）和（-1.09±0.17）~（3.30±0.57）nmol·g^-1·h^-1（以N计,下同）.沉积物氮还原以反硝化过程为主（贡献率71.86%~91.65%）,DNRA也有较高的贡献率（7.03%~25.32%）,anammox过程贡献较小.相关分析表明,氮还原相关功能基因丰度与潮白河沉积物氮还原过程速率存在显著正相关关系,微生物群落中α-变形菌纲、硝基螺旋菌纲、疣微菌纲、脱硫杆菌门、硬壁菌门丰度与沉积物氮还原过程速率存在显著的相关关系.     

高通量测序分析黄土高原退耕还林区土壤细菌群落特征

为分析不同植被恢复模式下土壤细菌群落特征,探讨微生物在植被恢复过程中对黄土高原退耕还林区土壤生态系统的作用,采用高通量测序技术,以山西吉县典型森林生态系统人工林（人工刺槐林、人工油松林）、天然次生林和荒草地为研究对象,分析其土壤细菌α多样性、群落结构特征、功能预测以及土壤环境因子与细菌群落的相关性.结果表明,各恢复模式共得到25门、66纲、129类、240科、392属、760种和2213 OTUs;细菌群落的丰富度存在显著差异,均表现为草地 > 天然次生林 > 人工刺槐林 > 人工油松林.在门分类水平上,天然次生林和草地与人工林之间群落的相对丰度变化存在差异性,但差异性不显著.α-Proteobacteria、β-Proteobacteria和δ-Proteobacteria在天然次生林土壤中的相对丰度要高于其他4种恢复模式,而在草地中的相对丰度最低.在土壤环境因子中TN和pH对土壤细菌群落的影响较大,优势细菌门类与TN和pH具有显著相关性,其中TN与Actinobacteria （放线菌门）呈显著正相关,pH与Proteobacteria （变形菌门）呈显著正相关,与Actinobacteria （放线菌门）呈显著负相关,而Acidobacteria （酸杆菌门）与TN和pH均呈显著负相关关系.土壤细菌群落主要涉及细胞运动,信号转导机制,氨基酸转运和代谢、辅酶的运输和代谢等24个二级功能,均表现出功能上的丰富性.本研究结果可为黄土高原退耕还林区植被恢复的效益评价提供良好的数据基础,并为人工林的合理经营提供科学依据.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.     

Simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate by zeolite synthesized from coal fly ash as influenced by acid treatment

Zeolite synthesized from fly ash （ZFA） without modification is not efficient for the purification of NH4＋ and phosphate at low concentrations that occur in real effluents, despite the high potential removal capacity. To develop an effective technique to enhance the removal efficiency of ammonium and phosphate at low concentrations, ZFA was modified with acid treatment and the simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate in a wide range of concentration was investigated. It was seen that when compared with untreated ZFA, only the treatment by 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4 significantly improved the removal efficiency of ammonium at low initial concentrations. The behavior was well explained by the pH effect. Treatment by more concentrated H2SO4 led to the deterioration of the ZFA structure and a decrease in the cation exchange capacity. Treatment by 0.01 mol/L H2SO4 improved the removal efficiency of phosphate by ZFA at all initial P concentrations, while the treatment by concentrated H2SO4 （≥0.9 mol/L） resulted in a limited maximum phosphate immobilization capacity （PIC）. It was concluded that through a previous mild acid treatment （e.g. 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4）, ZFA can be used in the simultaneous removal of NH4＋ and P at low concentrations simulating real effluent.