六氯苯污染源水的饮用水应急处理工艺研究

针对长江水源地可能发生的六氯苯(HCB)突发污染事故,开展了应急处理工艺研究.考察了混凝剂聚合硫酸铁(PFS)投加量、KMnO₄预氧化和木质粉末活性炭(PAC)吸附预处理对HCB 去除效果的影响.根据静态试验,设计了三因素三水平正交试验,进一步考察了KMnO₄氧化与PAC 吸附联用预处理-混凝沉淀工艺去除HCB 的效果.结果表明,常规处理无法有效去除HCB;单独KMnO₄ 预氧化无法明显改善混凝沉淀对HCB的去除效果;PAC联用吸附预处理可明显提高去除效率.正交试验结果表明,在PAC,PFS,KMnO4投加量分别为40,5.0,0.5mg/L的最佳条件下,HCB 去除率为98.97%,但浊度在2NTU 以上.选取PAC 吸附预处理-混凝沉淀工艺进行中试试验,结果表明,在PFS 和PAC 投加量分别为15mg/L 和40mg/L 时,HCB 的去除率在98%以上,HCB 剩余浓度和浊度分别在1µg/L 和1NTU 以下.     

水源水中典型化学品突发污染的应急处理

针对被典型化学品双酚A(BPA)与邻苯二甲酸二乙酯(DEP)污染原水的应急处理工艺进行了研究.结果表明,活性炭吸附可有效去除双酚A和DEP.拟二级动力学模型和Elovich模型较好地描述粉末活性炭对原水中BPA和DEP的吸附过程.中试条件下,50 mg/L的粉末活性炭可分别将原水中浓度约为500 μg/L的双酚A和3.3 mg/L的DEP处理达标.炭砂滤柱对2种化学品的动态吸附表明,BPA和DEP的去除率受它们初始浓度的影响较小,在滤速为5.1～15.3 m/h的范围内BPA和DEP的去除率基本不受滤速的影响.当同时采用粉末活性炭和炭砂滤柱工艺时, PAC的吸附过程是去除污染的主要阶段,炭砂滤柱可以作为粉末活性炭的有效补充保证一定的安全系数.KMnO₄和Cl₂均不能氧化DEP,3 mg/L的KMnO₄和1.5 mg/L的Cl₂可几乎完全氧化水中浓度为850　μg/L的BPA,BPA的氯化产物和KMnO₄的氧化产物及其毒性有待于进一步研究.　1.5 mg/L高锰酸钾和PAC联用对去除DEP无协同作用,对去除BPA有促进作用.     

重金属Pb(Ⅱ)污染原水的应急处理工艺研究

采用2种常用混凝剂--聚合硫酸铁(PFS)和聚氯化铝(PACl),以水中Pb(II)浓度突增为背景,研究了混凝剂投加量、目标物初始浓度以及调节pH值和高锰酸钾(KMnO4)预氧化等措施对混凝除Pb(II)效果的影响,同时比较了粉末活性炭(PAC)吸附 混凝和硅藻土吸附 混凝等工艺对Pb(Ⅱ)的去除效果.结果表明,单独投加混凝剂时,投加PFS对Ph(Ⅱ)的去除效果优于投加PACI.2种混凝剂的投加量为10 mg/L时,对Ph(Ⅱ)的去除效果基本达到最好水平,并且Pb(Ⅱ)初始浓度对混凝效果影响最小.在此投加量下调节pH值到9,2种混凝剂对应Pb(Ⅱ)的去除率都在95%以上.KMn04预氧化只在以PACI为混凝剂时对除Pb(Ⅱ)起到一定促进作用.以PFs为混凝剂时,投加10 mg/L的PAC或投加25 mg/L的硅藻土会取得相同的除Pb(Ⅱ)效果,即水中Pb(11)浓度从402 μg/L降至10 μg/L以下;而混凝剂为PACl时,活性炭投加量为20 mg/L或硅藻土投加量为50 mg/L时,水中剩余Ph(Ⅱ)的浓度也可以达标;通过硅藻土与KMnO4联用试验发现,高锰酸钾氧化会削弱硅藻土对Pb(Ⅱ)的吸附作用.综合考虑得出,硅藻土吸附 混凝才是原水应急除Pb(Ⅱ)简单、经济和有效的方法.     

百菌清应急处理研究

文章研究了在模拟条件下污水厂中百菌清污染的应急处理措施。试验结果表明:投加粉末活性炭可有效地去除百菌清,确保出水达到水厂排放标准,粉末活性炭在40 min内即可完成对百菌清87%以上的吸附,投加量在1.0 g/L时,溶液中剩余百菌清的含量为痕量,在气象色谱的检测下限(0.024μg/L)范围内;混凝沉淀工艺对百菌清也有较好的去除效果,在混凝剂投加量为150 mg/L的条件下,百菌清的去除率可达85.39%;粉末活性炭吸附和混凝工艺联用可以形成互补,有效去除百菌清的同时保证处理后出水碳水分离。     

臭氧对陶瓷膜超滤-生物活性炭组合工艺效果的影响

利用处理量为3L/d的臭氧陶瓷膜-生物活性炭(BAC)(工艺Ⅰ)和陶瓷膜-BAC(工艺Ⅱ)2种组合工艺处理受污染的原水,研究了工艺对原水中浊度、氨氮和有机物的去除效果,同时考察了臭氧对膜通量和BAC的影响.结果表明,未投加臭氧和2.0mg/L臭氧投加量下,两种组合工艺可去除原水中96%以上的浊度.组合工艺均可去除原水中1.0~2.0mg/L的氨氮.提高溶解氧浓度至30mg/L可强化氨氮的去除能力,两种组合工艺可至少彻底去除5.5mg/L的氨氮.投加2mg/L臭氧后,工艺Ⅰ可去除原水中48.3%的总有机碳(TOC)和51.8%的UV254.工艺Ⅱ对TOC和UV254的平均去除率分别为51.1%和48.2%.臭氧对浊度的去除无影响,但臭氧可改变部分有机物的结构,减轻膜的有机物污染.与未投加臭氧的工艺Ⅱ相比,投加臭氧使工艺Ⅰ中的膜通量提高了25%~30%.但残留臭氧可能影响后续BAC中的微生物,对BAC去除氨氮和有机物的能力产生不利影响.     

氯对粉末活性炭吸附微囊藻毒素能力的影响

采用瓶点法,考察了预氯化工艺对粉末活性炭（PAC）吸附黄浦江原水中2种微囊藻毒素（MC-RR、MC-LR）效果的影响.结果表明,粉末活性炭与氯同时投加可以大大提高微囊藻毒素的去除率（20％以上）,原因可能是粉末活性炭表面的官能团与HClO作用催化了微囊藻毒素的去除;而粉末活性炭和氯在不同投加点投加时,则没有这种强化作用,相反氯会不同程度地降低粉末活性炭的吸附效果（降低5％～10％）;氯对微囊藻毒素的强化去除作用随着PAC投加量的增大而逐渐弱化;粉末活性炭单独使用时,投加量为10　mg/L、接触时间为6 h,MC-RR和MC-LR的去除率分别在55％和45％左右.     

饮用水中典型致嗅物质去除技术研究

为去除某市饮用水中的嗅味,根据该市饮用水水源中致嗅物质的组成特点,采用氧化、吸附和臭氧活性炭对其中典型致嗅物质的去除效果及工艺选择进行了研究.结果表明,硫醇硫醚类物质可以用氧化法有效去除,对土嗅素(geosmin)和2-甲基异莰醇(2-MIB)采用氧化法和活性炭吸附法均有效,但吸附法的效果更好;当原水中硫醇、硫醚类致嗅物质浓度<20 μg/L,不含有其他类型致嗅物质时,可以采用强化混凝＋高锰酸钾氧化工艺去除;当原水中geosmin、 2-MIB等微生物代谢产物类致嗅物质浓度<30 ng/L,不含有硫醇硫醚类致嗅物质时,可以采用强化混凝+粉末活性炭吸附工艺去除;当原水中硫醇、硫醚类致嗅物质浓度>20 μg/L,geosmin、 2-MIB浓度>30 ng/L时,需要增加臭氧活性炭深度处理工艺;当原水中硫醇、硫醚类致嗅物质浓度>150 μg/L,或者土嗅素、 2-MIB的浓度>100 ng/L时,需要根据致嗅物质组成特点,选择预KMnO₄氧化或者粉末活性炭吸附＋臭氧活性炭深度处理的组合工艺去除.     

用粉末活性炭作前助凝剂提高PAC除藻效果的研究

采用烧杯搅拌实验研究了用粉末活性炭作前助凝剂提高聚合氯化铝(PAC)去除铜绿微囊藻的有效性。结果表明,单独使用粉末活性炭作前助凝剂的除藻效果并不好,而先投加20 mg/L高岭土,再将15 mg/L PAC与粉末活性炭同时投加,除浊除藻效果明显提高。考虑首先充分发挥粉末活性炭对有机物的去除能力,在除浊除藻率仍然较高的情况下,采用粉末活性炭先于高岭土2 min投加的方式,粉末活性炭的最佳助凝剂量为10mg/L。采用粉末活性炭、高岭土和FeCl3依次投加的完整助凝技术路线,除浊除藻效率最高。碱性水体比酸性水体有利于联用三种助凝剂除藻。扫描电镜(SEM)观察结果表明,采用助凝技术,藻细胞主要与高岭土无机颗粒发生凝聚,投加粉末活性炭有助于絮凝体体积增长,而在絮凝阶段投加FeCl3可使絮凝体的分维数达到1.947的最高值。联用粉末活性炭、高岭土和FeCl3是非常有效的助凝除藻新技术。     

超滤组合工艺应急处理苯胺水源水污染研究

以太湖水为原水,模拟突发苯胺类水污染时,探索超滤工艺对苯胺类污染物质的去除效果。研究了粉末活性炭、高锰酸钾对苯胺去除效果的投加量和反应时间,以及两者联用时的药剂投加顺序以及在超滤工艺下的投加量优化。研究表明:粉末活性炭和高锰酸钾对苯胺均有一定的去除效果,应急处理的最佳反应时间是30 min;当发生苯胺类水污染时,先投加粉末活性碳,再投加高锰酸钾,超滤去除苯胺类污染物质的效果最优,去除率可以达到85%;实验表明:粉末活性炭—高锰酸钾—超滤组合工艺技术作为苯胺的应急处理措施是可行的,粉末活性炭与高锰酸钾投加量的比约为55 mg:2.4 mg;同时,与传统常规水处理工艺相比,超滤具有去除颗粒粒径范围广,抗粉末活性碳负荷强,可以避免砂率层被穿透的优点。     

UF膜与混凝粉末活性炭联用处理微污染原水

采用混凝、粉末活性炭和UF膜分离的联用技术对黄浦江原水进行试验 ,结果表明 ,混凝、粉末活性炭可有效地去除溶解性有机物 .混凝处理主要去除大分子量的有机物 ,粉末活性炭主要去除低分子量的有机物 .混凝、粉末活性炭还能有效地去除三氯甲烷生成潜能 (THMFP) ,对于低分子量的THMFP ,混凝去除效果很差 ,而粉末活性炭去除很好 .试验还表明 ,混凝、粉末活性炭还可大大降低膜的滤饼层阻力 ,当混凝剂投加量为 4mg/L时 ,膜的滤饼层阻力最小 .     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.     

Simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate by zeolite synthesized from coal fly ash as influenced by acid treatment

Zeolite synthesized from fly ash （ZFA） without modification is not efficient for the purification of NH4＋ and phosphate at low concentrations that occur in real effluents, despite the high potential removal capacity. To develop an effective technique to enhance the removal efficiency of ammonium and phosphate at low concentrations, ZFA was modified with acid treatment and the simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate in a wide range of concentration was investigated. It was seen that when compared with untreated ZFA, only the treatment by 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4 significantly improved the removal efficiency of ammonium at low initial concentrations. The behavior was well explained by the pH effect. Treatment by more concentrated H2SO4 led to the deterioration of the ZFA structure and a decrease in the cation exchange capacity. Treatment by 0.01 mol/L H2SO4 improved the removal efficiency of phosphate by ZFA at all initial P concentrations, while the treatment by concentrated H2SO4 （≥0.9 mol/L） resulted in a limited maximum phosphate immobilization capacity （PIC）. It was concluded that through a previous mild acid treatment （e.g. 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4）, ZFA can be used in the simultaneous removal of NH4＋ and P at low concentrations simulating real effluent.