“稀释置换”对海河浮游植物群落结构的影响

该研究于2015年夏季蓝藻暴发期对海河干流浮游植物群落结构特征进行调查分析,并以此为基础评价海河干流水域的营养水平及水质污染类型。研究结果表明:4次调查共鉴定浮游植物6门56种(属),其中绿藻门29种(属),蓝藻门13种(属),硅藻门8种(属),甲藻门、裸藻门、隐藻门各2种(属),主要优势种为蓝藻门的微囊藻、巨颤藻、小席藻和色球藻。浮游植物的平均丰度为15 319.4×104个/L,蓝藻门种类对总平均丰度的贡献为95.67%;浮游植物平均生物量为17.87 mg/L,蓝藻门占总平均生物量的53.31%;海河浮游植物丰度和生物量的分布呈现一致性,从上游至下游呈先升高后降低的趋势。依据浮游植物丰度及3种浮游植物群落指数评价结果表明,海河干流水域的水体均为重度富营养化状态,污染状态为中污型。比较分析结果表明:采用不定期、小水体地稀释置换已暴发蓝藻水华的海河干流水体这一应急处置蓝藻水华方式,未对海河浮游植物群落结构、营养状态及污染水平产生本质上的影响。     

溪源宫水源保护区浮游植物群落结构分析研究

文章主要对2011年8月至12月溪源宫水源保护区浮游植物群落结构进行调查分析。溪源宫水体共鉴定出浮游植物6门51属137种,主要都是以绿藻门、硅藻门、蓝藻门为主。通过采用浮游植物生物量以及多样性指数对研究区域水体进行了评价,结果表明溪源宫水源保护区水质状况较好。同时还将溪源宫水源保护区、闽江、山仔水库等不同水源地的浮游植物群落结构进行对比分析,发现不同营养状态下,水体中浮游植物群落结构有显著的不同。     

浮游植物群落结构季节变化研究——以太湖梅梁湾和东太湖为例

为了解太湖浮游植物群落结构的特征,2017年7月至2018年6月对太湖梅梁湾(藻型湖区)和东太湖(草型湖区)浮游植物群落结构和理化因子进行了调查.结果发现:梅梁湾氮磷浓度显著高于东太湖,梅梁湾浮游植物年平均数量是东太湖4.94倍,梅梁湾浮游植物年平均生物量是东太湖的2.16倍;梅梁湾微囊藻数量占比为68.52％～99....     

浮游植物和水质表征:从瑞典梅拉伦、哈马伦、韦特恩和维纳恩湖等大湖泊中获得的经验

自20世纪60年代以来,瑞典梅拉伦湖、哈马伦湖、韦特恩湖和维纳恩湖等大湖泊的浮游植物和环境变量一直处于监测之下.20世纪70年代政府出台了一些减少磷和工业废品排放的措施,于是水体磷的含量降低了90%～95%,结果大多数污染湖盆磷的浓度减少了一半.体现在浮游植物群落的变化是夏季蓝藻细菌、春季硅藻和隐鞭毛藻的生物量迅速降低,另一个反应是藻华期变短,生长季节的物种丰富度和生物量均匀度增加,浮游植物群落内物种数量和组成发生变化.此外,大湖泊物种丰富度相应与湖泊的特征有关.本文对湖泊中有毒蓝藻细菌的发生作了介绍,结合哈马伦湖和梅拉伦湖的藻华,确定在13～0.1 μg/L之间的微藻素最大和最小值;给出利用浮游植物作为监测指标确定水质量变化的基本框架,并提出了评价标准.     

上海河道浮游植物群落结构时空变化特征及影响因素分析

为探究上海河道浮游植物群落结构时空变化特征及影响因素,于2018年9～10月(秋季)和2019年7～8月(夏季)对上海中心城区、新城镇和农村地区河道总计44个样点的水环境和浮游植物群落结构进行调查.结果表明:①秋季和夏季浮游植物种类均以绿藻门为主,其次为蓝藻和硅藻;浮游植物密度以蓝藻占据绝对优势;浮游植物种类和密度均是夏季秋季,分别高出24%和2.77倍,硅藻门种类略微上升,而裸藻门种类稍微下降;秋季微囊藻(Microcystis sp.)优势度明显(Y=0.16),而夏季则无占绝对优势的优势种.②各地区浮游植物种数无明显变化;浮游植物密度和蓝藻门密度均呈现农村新城镇中心城区的规律,秋季3个地区的浮游植物密度无显著差异(P0.05),而在夏季农村所有浮游植物和蓝藻门密度显著高于中心城区(P0.05),分别高出1.82和1.93倍.③蒙特卡洛检验结果表明,影响秋季和夏季浮游植物群落结构的主要因子分别为透明度(SD)、总磷(TP)、总氮(TN)、浊度(Turb)和TN、 Turb、 SD、 pH.冗余分析(RDA)结果表明,秋季新城镇河道浮游植物群落结构主要受Turb、 TN和TP的影响,农村河道则主要受SD的影响,而夏季新城镇和农村河道浮游植物均主要受TN、 Turb的影响.两次调查时中心城区浮游植物的影响因素均较为复杂.     

海州湾海洋牧场浮游植物群落结构特征及其与水质参数的关系

为了解海州湾海洋牧场海域浮游植物群落特征,于2013年进行了春(5月)、夏(8月)、秋(10月)3个航次的调查,共鉴定出浮游植物115种,其中,硅藻门种类最多,共97种,占总种数的84.3%,甲藻门次之,共16种,占总种数的13.9%,蓝藻门1种,绿藻门1种.人工鱼礁区各个季节的浮游植物丰度都显著大于对照区(p0.05),而种类数无显著差异(p0.05).人工鱼礁区和对照区的辛普森多样性指数D和香农-威纳指数均在秋季最大,夏季最小,而均匀度J为春季最大,夏季最小.海州湾海洋牧场浮游植物种类数秋季达到36种,丰度在秋季也达到最高为19.68×104cells·m-3,方差分析和聚类分析结果表明,浮游植物群落组成存在显著季节差异(p0.05).应用Canoco5.0软件对获得的浮游植物数据和环境因子数据进行典范对应分析,结果表明,TN、Si O2-3-Si和TP是影响浮游植物群落分布的重要环境因子,其次BOD5和NH+4-N也对浮游植物分布有较大影响.     

不同形态磷对沉积物-水界面浮游植物增殖及群落结构演替的影响

探讨了不同磷形态对沉积物-水界面浮游植物增殖及群落结构演替的影响,以九龙江北溪西陂水库沉积物-上覆水体(水体藻类丰度为7.2×10~4cells·L~(-1),以硅藻、绿藻、蓝藻为主,分别占藻类丰度的49.16%、32.40%、17.32%)为研究对象,磷源包括:无机磷(NaH_2PO_4·2H_2O)、有机磷(单磷酸腺苷,AMP)、SMT方法提取沉积物总无机磷(SMT-TP)、鲜沉积物(Sediment)和野外原水(OW).结果表明,无机磷和有机磷(N∶P=20∶1)培养组对藻类增殖有明显促进作用.其中,无机磷组中浮游植物群落结构演替为以蓝藻和绿藻为主,分别占藻类丰度的76.67%和23.34%;有机磷组中浮游植物群落则演替为以绿藻为主,占藻类丰度的92.51%.在低磷组(N∶P=25∶1)、野外原水(N∶P=17∶1)、SMT-TP组(N∶P=10∶1)中,浮游植物群落结构从硅藻、绿藻和蓝藻演替为以蓝藻和绿藻为主,与无机磷组结果趋于一致.而鲜沉积物(N∶P=10∶1,含有无机磷和有机磷)组群落结构演变为蓝藻占优势,所占比例为71.80%.该结果表明,磷的形态对浮游植物群落结构具有重要的影响.模拟环境无机磷组、有机磷组和SMT-TP培养组中,浮游植物群落多样性具有降低的趋向,硅藻逐渐消失;而野外原水和鲜沉积物组中浮游植物群落多样性稳定,硅藻仍然存在,表明自然环境中其他元素调控水体中浮游植物群落多样性.鲜沉积物组中浮游植物群落结构逐渐演替为以蓝藻为主,暗示沉积物对蓝藻水华暴发具有重要贡献.     

四明湖水库浮游植物功能类群的季节演替及其影响因子

浮游植物群落变化既受到环境因子单独作用的影响,也受到各因子之间交互作用的影响.为探究浮游植物群落结构的季节演替规律,对四明湖水库浮游植物群落及水体11项非生物因子和4项生物因子进行周年采样调查,分析了水库内浮游植物功能类群组成、季节演替规律及其与生物因子和非生物因子的关系.结果显示,调查期间四明湖水库的浮游植物种类可归入22个功能类群,其优势功能类群主要隶属于绿藻门和硅藻门.非度量多维尺度分析(NMDS)显示,浮游植物群落结构呈现出明显的季节性演替;通过SIMPER分析,筛选出10个与季节变化显著相关的功能类群,其主要变化过程表现为:夏季D+Lo→秋冬季D+P+Lo→春季X2+P+MP.方差分解分析(VPA)显示,浮游植物功能类群的季节变化是由水温-浮游动物交互作用与水温单独作用共同影响的结果;典范对应分析(CCA)发现,水温(WT)、透明度(SD)和硝态氮(NO-3-N)以及浮游动物生物量是影响该水库浮游植物群落结构动态变化的主要因子.     

富营养水体浮游植物群落对新型生态浮床的响应

通过围隔水泥池模拟试验,研究了富营养化水体中浮游植物群落对新型组合型生态浮床系统净化水质的响应. 每隔2周对水体中各水质指标、浮游植物及浮游甲壳动物群落进行检测,结果显示:①3种不同覆盖率(以浮床面积计)处理下,组合型生态浮床对氮、磷的去除率表现为39%覆盖率>26%覆盖率>13%覆盖率. ②3种覆盖率下水体中的浮游植物群落结构复杂性和生物多样性指数均显著高于空白对照组,其中,26%和13%覆盖率对浮游植物生物量的抑制效果比39%覆盖率好;同时,26%覆盖率比39%覆盖率水体中的浮游植物生物多样性指数要高,群落结构更复杂,随后是13%覆盖率处理. ③浮游植物生物量的变化与浮游甲壳动物表现出明显的相反时间趋势. 尽管26%覆盖率对氮、磷的去除量不是最大,但却更利于形成较为稳定的浮游植物群落结构,促进水体生态系统的平衡与健康发展;浮游植物生物量与营养盐的显著相关性及与浮游甲壳动物的相反时间趋势显示,生态浮床对浮游植物群落的改善可能是通过营养盐的上行效应与浮游甲壳动物的下行效应等因素得以实现.      

天目湖沙河水库浮游植物群落结构的时空异质性

为揭示水库浮游植物群落结构的时空异质性,以江苏省溧阳市天目湖沙河水库为例,基于8年逐月浮游植物群落结构及相关环境因子的连续监测结果,分析了水库河流区、过渡区及湖泊区浮游植物群落结构的季节差异及影响因素.结果表明,空间上营养盐、浊度和悬浮颗粒物等关键水质指标及浮游植物叶绿素a含量均呈现河流区过渡区湖泊区的现象,透明度呈现河流区过渡区湖泊区的现象,其中河流区的各环境因子与过渡区和湖泊区的空间差异显著(ANOVA,P0.05),而过渡区与湖泊区之间仅在透明度、浊度、悬浮颗粒物等物理参数方面差异显著;同样,浮游植物生物量上也呈现河流区过渡区湖泊区的现象,其中河流区与过渡区、湖泊区之间差异显著(ANOVA,P0.05),而过渡区与湖泊区之间则无显著性差异;但在浮游植物的优势属方面,河流区、过渡区、湖泊区基本一致,仅隐藻门生物量在河流区、过渡区、湖泊区具有显著性差异(ANOVA,P0.05),呈现河流区过渡区湖泊区的特征.不同季节之间浮游植物群落结构差异较大:生物量在夏季最高,冬季最低;优势属在春季以针杆藻(Synedra)、小环藻(Cyclotella)、隐藻(Cryptomonas)和曲壳藻(Achnanthes)为主,夏季以针杆藻、隐藻、尖头藻(Raphidiopsis)、席藻(Phormidium)为主,秋季以隐藻、针杆藻、尖头藻、束丝藻(Aphanizomenon)为主,冬季以隐藻、针杆藻、曲壳藻和小环藻为主;其中针杆藻、隐藻为全年优势属.统计分析表明,水温、总磷、透明度是浮游植物时空差异的主要影响因子.研究表明,对于沙河水库这种换水周期为4个月的大(Ⅱ)型水库,虽然浮游植物总生物量在空间上有显著性差异,但群落组成上仅隐藻属的空间差异显著,多数浮游植物群落结构在空间分布差异较小,当浮游植物群落结构调查时可以适当减少观测点位,提高采样频次,以提高水库环境监测的样品代表性.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.