清洁生产审核中环保工作重点研究

清洁生产审核过程中,环保工作的重点是从审核过程中的各个审核阶段出发,制定清洁生产审核目标,并且对于污染环境的问题和清洁生产审核过程中的污染物减少目标进行研究等。相关工作人员在清洁生产审核过程中对企业的污染源以及企业的环保工作仔细调查,获得正确的企业污染源,制定出相对应的清洁生产审核污染目标。因此,本文从清洁生产审核过程中的环保工作的重点出发,对其进行了简要分析。     

清洁生产审核评价方法研究与应用

在企业生产的过程中清洁生产使企业创造性的控制污染源的一种思想。在企业生产规模日益扩大的过程中,清洁生产已经获得了广泛的应用。而清洁生产审核则是对企业现有的核计划中实行的污染预防进行分析和评估。通过清洁审核,能够判定出企业生产中不符合清洁生产的环节和做法,并对此提出有效的解决措施,进而实现企业生产过程的清洁生产,同时也是企业清洁生产的前提条件。本文就清洁生产审核评价方法进行分析,并对其具体的应用进行探讨。     

重点企业清洁生产审核技术要点初探

本文系统阐述了重点企业清洁生产审核的产生背景、重点企业的三个类型和重点企业的特点,结合审核实际工作,创新地提出重点企业清洁生产审核在选择审核重点、实测、方案产生、可行性分析关键工作阶段的主要技术要点,为从事重点企业清洁生产审核的审核师提供借鉴.     

畜牧业清洁生产关键技术实例研究——生态发酵床在规模化养猪场的应用研究

畜牧养殖业最大的污染物就是畜禽粪便,在畜禽养殖也实施清洁生产技术十分必要,将粪便在产生的环节上降低污染物的产生和排放,结合具体实例,按照企业清洁生产审核程序要求,对一家生猪养殖场进行清洁生产审核,对生态发酵床技术在规模化养猪场的应用进行深入研究,从技术、环境、经济三个方面阐述这项清洁生产技术的示范作用。     

陆良复烤厂清洁生产浅析

从工艺、三年主要产品产量产值、环境管理、原材料消耗、主要能源消耗情况、主要污染物产生及治理情况、生态环境保护措施方面分析了陆良复烤厂的生产现状,提出了清洁生产审核目标,总结了清洁生产审核取得的成果。陆良复烤厂清洁生产创建合格企业指标考核综合评价指数为83.2,生产技术指标达到清洁生产企业水平。总结了存在问题,提出了解决措施。     

广东省清洁生产企业状况分析

本文时已获得广东省清洁生产企业称号的企业情况进行了分析.清洁生产企业主要分布在珠江三角洲,以民营企业为多数,分布在20多个行业.清洁生产企业在清洁生产审核中,实施各种清洁生产方案,获得较好收益,同时,还消减了大量的污染物.数据表明清洁生产企业的数目在不断地增长,表现出清洁生产已获得了社会和企业的认同.     

企业清洁生产审核减排量核算方法的探讨

2008年,清洁生产审核在COD和SO2减排中分别贡献了11．95％和22．12％,但由于其核算方法的不完善,仅被总量核查认可1％和2．56％。欲完善企业清洁生产审核减排量核算方法,本文通过界定审核减排量的范畴,提出了三种审核减排量核算方法：物料衡算法、实地监测法和产污强度法。阐述了三种方法的概念及在企业清洁生产审核减排量核算过程中的应用方法和适用范围：物料衡算法通过对企业的原材料、辅料、能源、水等进行衡算分析,明确企业污染物产生量,对比审核前后得出审核减排量;实地监测法直接从企业产污口等获取企业污染物产生等情况,对比企业审核前后监测的数据得出审核减排量;产污强度法按照产污强度分别核算出审核前后污染物产生量,得出审核减排量。     

乳品企业实施清洁生产的机会

清洁生产是我国工业可持续发展的一项重要战略,也是我国污染控制实现由末端治理向全过程控制转变的重大举措.乳制品生产过程消耗大量的水、电,并排放大量的有机污染物.本文针对乳品生产企业的部分生产环节,着重阐述其部分生产环节中如何节能,如何增加产品产量、减少有机污染物的排放,如何实现清洁生产.     

清洁生产审核原理是什么?

清洁生产审核的对象是企业 ,其目的有两个 :一是判定企业中不符合清洁生产的地方和做法 ;二是提出方案解决这些问题 ,从而实现清洁生产。通过清洁生产审核 ,对企业生产全过程的重点 (或优先 )环节 ,工序产生的污染进行定量监测 ,找出高物耗、高能耗、高污染的原因 ,然后有的放矢地提出对策、制定方案 ,减少和防止污染物的产生清洁生产审核原理是什么?     

石油化工业清洁生产审核分析

分析了石油化工业的主要产污环节和清洁生产方案的产生方式,重点论述了石油化工业的清洁生产审核过程,并提出了应对石油化工业清洁生产审核中存在问题的一些建议.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.     

Simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate by zeolite synthesized from coal fly ash as influenced by acid treatment

Zeolite synthesized from fly ash （ZFA） without modification is not efficient for the purification of NH4＋ and phosphate at low concentrations that occur in real effluents, despite the high potential removal capacity. To develop an effective technique to enhance the removal efficiency of ammonium and phosphate at low concentrations, ZFA was modified with acid treatment and the simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate in a wide range of concentration was investigated. It was seen that when compared with untreated ZFA, only the treatment by 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4 significantly improved the removal efficiency of ammonium at low initial concentrations. The behavior was well explained by the pH effect. Treatment by more concentrated H2SO4 led to the deterioration of the ZFA structure and a decrease in the cation exchange capacity. Treatment by 0.01 mol/L H2SO4 improved the removal efficiency of phosphate by ZFA at all initial P concentrations, while the treatment by concentrated H2SO4 （≥0.9 mol/L） resulted in a limited maximum phosphate immobilization capacity （PIC）. It was concluded that through a previous mild acid treatment （e.g. 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4）, ZFA can be used in the simultaneous removal of NH4＋ and P at low concentrations simulating real effluent.